Concept of Product Life Cycle Essays

Concept of Product Life Cycle Essays Concept of Product Life Cycle Paper Concept of Product Life Cycle Paper Essay Topic: Marketing The concept of the product life cycle (PLC) is one of major tools used in developing marketing strategy. This theory is more and more popular in recent years, because many marketers desire for a tool to help them understand the products development which means all products have their own life time as they eventually decline and disappear. Based on that understanding of the product, the marketers can adapt their marketing strategy and find a new product to replace the dying one. According to Brassington and Pettitt (2003), the PLC concept explains the life of a product in terms of birth, growth, maturity, decline and eventual death which is based on the assumption that the product has a life like a human. During its life, the product goes through different stages, and in each stage it has different performance in the market which includes different market growth rates and different competitive conditions. This implies the marketer must set up different marketin g strategy for each stage to suit for the development of product. The aim of this essay is to discuss the concept of product life cycle which can give the marketer some basic information about this popular concept. Firstly, the general background of the product life cycle is given which includes the concept and the stages of PLC. Secondly, the strengths and weaknesses of the product life cycle are discussed. At the same time, some recommendations to mitigate the negative influences of the product life cycle are presented. Finally, a general conclusion is draw. Concept of Product Life Cycle The concept of PLC is a useful marketing tool to describe the change of the sale for the product during its lifetime. According to Armstrong and Kotler (2000), product life cycle (PLC) is the course of a products sales and profits over its lifetime. The product life cycle is a useful concept to describe how products develop from first introduction into the market to eventual obsolescence. The theory is that products, like living things, have a natural life cycle beginning with introduction, going through a growth phase, reaching maturity, then going into decline, and finally becoming obsolete (Blythe, J. 2001). The classic PLC involves four distinct stages: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline (Jobber, D. 1998). But Blythe (2001) thought there are five major stages of PLC, which are product development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. In this essay, the product development is introduced firstly which is seen as the first and necessary stage in product development process. The reason is explained in the following section. At the product development stage, it begins when the company recognises the customer need for a special product. Then the company design and develop the new-product idea based on that demand. During the stage of product development, sales are zero and the companys investment costs mount (Armstrong, G. and Korler, P. 2000). Although it seems useless to analyse the sale and cost in this stage, it is still a very important part of a product life cycle. Its length will affect the whole cycle in some way. Then, the product enter into introduction stage which the company push the product into markets. In this stage, only the marketers understand the characteristics of this stage, they can make the right decision about the product strategy which is suitable for the new product. Because the recognition of customer for the new product needs a period, this introduction stage is a period of slow sales growth as the product is just introduced in the market. Profits are negative because of the low sales and the huge expense in advertising and promotion. Advertising and promotion are the key activities for business to attract the customer to try the new product. That huge investment is reasonable and necessary. And also the company needs to consider the investment to attract the distributors and build the inventory. At the same time, it is few competitors at this stage. If the new product satisfies the market, it will enter a growth stage, which is a period of rapid market acceptance and increasing profits (Armstrong, G. and Korler, P. 2000). At the beginning of this stage, the sale and profit grow quickly. More and more customers accept the product and buy it, the investment of promotion and advertising is lower than the introduction stage. And market share is increased accordingly and quickly. At the same time, more and more companies recognise the product has big profit. Therefore, more and more competitors enter into this market. After the development of the market, profits may become to decline in the end period of growth stage as more competitors enter the market, driving prices down and creating the need for heavy promotional expenses (Jobber, D. 1998). In this stage, company has to choose between the high market share and high profit when they make the strategy decision. Fourthly, when the sale growth is slowdown, the product enters to the maturity stage of its PLC because the product has achieved acceptance by most potential buyers. Dibb and Simkin (1997) thought that this stage is characterized by severe competition, with many brands in the market. Competitors use many different strategies to gain the market share such as product improvements, advertising, sales promotion, dealer discount and price cutting. Finally, decline stage is the period when sales show fall off and profits erode (Armstrong, G. and Korler, P. 2000). According to Jobber (1998), sales and profits fall during this stage as new technology or changes in consumer tastes work to reduce demand for the product. In this stage, the market lost interest in this product and the companies are unable to up-grade and support it. Therefore, marketers may cut promotion efforts, eliminate distributors, and finally plan to walk out from this market. However, not all products follow the classic product life cycle which explained above. There are variations of the product life cycle. Some of the products may have more than five stages and more fluctuant curves. For example, the high-tech products which are more than one S-Shape curve. This type of product can be up-grated and development many times which lead the sales and profit up and down. When the customer accepts the product, the profits fall. When the product has been developed and improved, the profits rise. With the continuous process of products development and customers acceptance, the profits keep rising and falling such as computers, mobile phones. Although different products have different product life cycle and different products move through their life cycle at different speed, the theory of PLC still seem as a very useful method to help marketers identify the sales trends and plan appropriate marketing strategy and activities. Strengths and Weakness of PLC The product life cycle is a common and popular marketing concept that it appears at every standard marketing text. The strengths of the PLC are very obvious. Firstly, based on the theory of Jobber (1998) the PLC is benefit for the product planning. It can help marketers to develop product marketing strategy and it is also used as a forecasting model. PLC can forecast the future development of market and product which is big competitive advantage when the companies plan their marketing strategy for the product in every stage. However when the companies use the PLC concept to forecast product sale or to develop marketing strategies, they find many problems in practices (Korler, P. Armstrong, G. Saunders, J. and Wong, V. 1996). It is not easy to identify which stage of the PLC the product is in, especially the definitions of each stage is not very standard which could lead the confusion between stages. This is the precondition that the PLC concept can perform correctly. When the product enter to the next stage of PLC, if the company can not notices, the marketing strategy and plan will not appropriate for the new stage of the produce. Only when they recognise the change in PLC, they can make the right strategy based on the analysis for the crucial factors in the new stage. And in practice, it is difficult to forecast the sales level at each PLC stage, the length of each stage and the shape of the PLC curve (Jobber, D. 1998). The basic reason is this PLC concept can not help the marketer to understand the product and market in detail. It is theoretic and unclear. Secondly, the strength of PLC as a coordinating tool is to help marketers to coordinate 4Ps which include product, price, promotions and place. Thirdly, the PLC also can remand the marketers to pay more attention to the development of the product and its market. It warns the marketers that the product would not grow continually forever (Jobber, D. 1998). Normally, there is a danger that management may have high emotion in a particular product. The PLC can help the company understand that the product has its own lift cycle which means the company have to face the face that products need to be terminated and new products need to be developed to replace them. It also tells them that at the introduction stage, the phenomenon that the sale is low and expense is high are reasonable which is unnecessary to panic or give up. It is good for companies to recognise the realistic market, not through the book records only. Nevertheless, there are some weaknesses about the PLC. Although in the above, some of the problems are discussed. The following section explains very detailed concepts. Firstly, according to Jobber (1998), the duration of the PLC stages is unpredictable which is very difficult for marketer to identify the stages of product. The PLC outlines the four or five stages during a product life without defining their duration. Blythe (2001) states that the PLC is useful to describe what is happening, but is not much use for predicting what is going to happen, since it is virtually impossible to tell how long the maturity phase will continue. This weakness makes it difficult to use this concept as a decision-making tool because marketers can not easily know which part of the product life cycle the product currently in. The solution of this problem is to find a comparable product which seems as a template for predicting the length of each stage. There are two sources of comparable products. One is same product has already been on the market which is in other countries. The other one is that the similar products are in the mature or decline stages of their life cycle but they are thought to resemble the new product in terms of consumer acceptance . Of course, when the marketer use the comparable product to analyse their own product, it still many problems in reality, such as the different the economic and social conditions of countries which may effect the result of the analysis and make it invalid to transfer the duration of the stages from one country to another. Secondly, Jobber (1998) notes that the critics argue that the stylized marketing objectives and strategy prescriptions can be misleading. It is very difficult to predict how long the product will move from one stage to another stage in its life cycle. Because the products, companies and market are different, the length of the PLC is diverse. The problem is that the length of the PLC is affected by many factors which include the pace of change in the external environment and the companys marketing strategy of the product throughout its life (Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S. 2003). The companys objective and capability to make the correct marketing strategy in each stage of PLC for the product and to communicate effectively and efficiently with the consumers, and its method to develop and refresh its product will all affect how the PLC in some way. Thirdly, the weakness of PLC is that there is no common shape (Doyle, P. 1994). Through the analysis the data from different products, it is very clear that the PLC has not standard curve at all. In the real unstable markets, not all products follow the classic S-shaped PLC (Lancaster, G. and Massingham, L. 1993). Sometimes, although two brand products seem as same, they are in different types of PLC. Many factors determine the types of PLC for the product, which include the external environment changes and the strategy change of the company or the competitors. It is easy for marketers to analyse which curve their product belong to which lead confusion when companies use this theory to analyse their product. Fourthly, according to Doyle (1994), PLC has not clear implication which is a weakness every marketer knows. Although PLC concept defines the stages of the product life cycle for the common products and list all of the characteristics for each stage. But for some cases, the tradition has been proved as inaccurate. Some of the products have different characteristics compare with the tradition concept which will mislead the marketers conclusion about the products development. Finally, there is another weakness of the PLC has been revealed that PLC is a product-orientated concept. More and more marketers recognise the marketing is about how to satisfy the customers need. The company should pay more attention to analyse the change of the customers need, rather than focus on its products development. In other words, focusing on the product like the concept of PLC the company might not understand other key concepts of marketing such as the 7P. Product is just one of the important things of marketing, but not the core one. For the modern age, customer is the core thing that the company should focus on. Therefore, for the marketers, they need focus on the factors cause the change of the product stage not the PLC. Because of so many uncertain factors in the concept of PLC, some experts debate that PLC is a useless tool in reality. As Cowell (1984) state that it is not surprising that the life cycle concept has critics. Some attempts to derive the conventional S-shaped curve of the cycle with its stages of introduction, growth, maturity and decline have not been altogether convincing. In fact, some theoreticians have even suggested that the concept of PLC should be forgotten altogether (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). Carman and Langeard (1979) argue that using the life cycle concept to build a product portfolio in services contexts is not very helpful. All those debates suggest that the concept of PLC is still immature and it still need to improve. Conclusion In conclusion, the product life cycle is a marketing tool, which is an aid for managerial decision-making. It can help marketers to do planning and think strategically. However, it also has many weaknesses which affect the practicability of the concept. Therefore, marketing managers must monitor the real changes that are happening in the marketplace before setting up the appropriate objectives and strategies for marketing. Using the PLC concept to develop marketing strategy can also be difficult because strategy is both a cause and a result of the products life cycle (Armstrong, G. and Korler, P. 2000). The products current PLC position suggests the best marketing strategies and the resulting marketing strategies affect product performance in later life-cycle stages. Of course, when it is used carefully by the marketers who understand it clearly, the PLC concept still a very useful theory in developing good marketing strategies for different stages in the product life cycle anyway.

Artist Henri Matisse, an Influential Modernist Painter

Artist Henri Matisse, an Influential Modernist Painter Henri Émile Benoà ®t Matisse (December 31, 1869 – November 3, 1954) is considered one of the most influential painters of the 20th century, and one of the leading Modernists. Known for his use of vibrant colors and simple forms, Matisse helped to usher in a new approach to art. Matisse believed that the artist must be guided by instinct and intuition. Although he began his craft later in life than most artists, Matisse continued to create and innovate well into his 80s. Early Years Henri Matisse was born on December 31, 1869, in Le Cateau, a small town in northern France. His parents, Émile Hippolyte Matisse and Anna Gà ©rard, ran a store that sold grain and paint. Matisse was sent to school in Saint-Quentin, and later to Paris, where he earned his capacità ©- a type of law degree. Returning to Saint-Quentin, Matisse found a job as a law clerk. He came to despise the work, which he considered pointless. In 1890, Matisse was stricken by an illness that would forever alter the young mans life and the world of art. Late Bloomer Weakened by a severe bout of appendicitis, Matisse spent nearly all of 1890 in his bed. During his recuperation, his mother gave him a box of paints to keep him occupied. Matisses new hobby was a revelation. Despite having never shown any interest in art or painting, the 20-year old suddenly found his passion. He would later say that nothing had ever truly interested him before, but once he discovered painting, he could think of nothing else. Matisse signed up for early-morning art classes, leaving him free to continue the law job he so hated. After a year, Matisse moved to Paris to study, eventually earning admission to the leading art school. Matisses father disapproved of his sons new career but continued to send him a small allowance. Student Years The bearded, bespectacled Matisse often wore a serious expression and was anxious by nature. Many fellow art students thought Matisse resembled a scientist more than an artist and thus nicknamed him the doctor. Matisse studied three years with French painter Gustave Moreau, who encouraged his students to develop their own styles. Matisse took that advice to heart, and soon his work was being displayed at prestigious salons. One of his early paintings, Woman Reading, was bought for the home of the French president in 1895. Matisse formally studied art for nearly a decade (1891-1900). While attending art school, Matisse met Caroline Joblaud. The couple had a daughter, Marguerite, born in September 1894. Caroline posed for several of Matisses early paintings, but the couple separated in 1897. Matisse married Amà ©lie Parayre in 1898, and they had two sons together, Jean and Pierre. Amà ©lie would also pose for many of Matisses paintings. Wild Beasts Invade the Art World Matisse and his group of fellow artists experimented with different techniques, distancing themselves from traditional art of the 19th century. Visitors to a 1905 exhibition at the Salon dAutomne were shocked by the intense colors and bold strokes used by the artists. An art critic dubbed them les fauves, French for the wild beasts. The new movement came to be known as Fauvism (1905-1908), and Matisse, its leader, was considered King of the Fauves. Despite receiving some scathing criticism, Matisse continued to take risks in his painting. He sold some of his work but struggled financially for a few more years. In 1909, he and his wife could finally afford a house in the Paris suburbs. Influences on Matisses Style Matisse was influenced early in his career by Post-Impressionists Gauguin, Cà ©zanne, and van Gogh. Mentor Camille Pissarro, one of the original Impressionists, gave advice that Matisse embraced: Paint what you observe and feel. Travel to other countries inspired Matisse as well, including visits to England, Spain, Italy, Morocco, Russia, and later, Tahiti. Cubism (a modern art movement based upon abstract, geometric figures) influenced Matisses work from 1913-1918. These WWI years were difficult for Matisse. With family members trapped behind enemy lines, Matisse felt helpless, and at 44, he was too old to enlist. The darker colors used during this period reflect his dark mood. The Master By 1919, Matisse had become internationally known, exhibiting his work throughout Europe and in New York City. From the 1920s on, he spent much of his time in Nice in the south of France. He continued to create paintings, etchings, and sculptures. Matisse and Amà ©lie drifted apart, separating in 1939. Early in WWII, Matisse had a chance to flee to the United States but chose to stay in France. In 1941, after successful surgery for duodenal cancer, he nearly died from complications. Bedridden for three months, Matisse spent the time developing a new art form, which became one of the artists trademark techniques. He called it drawing with scissors, a method of cutting out shapes from painted paper, later assembling them into designs. Chapel in Vence Matisses final project (1948-1951) was creating the decor for a Dominican chapel in Vence, a small town near Nice, France. He was involved in every aspect of design, from the stained-glass windows and crucifixes to the wall murals and priests robes. The artist worked from his wheelchair and used his color-cutout technique for many of his designs for the chapel. Matisse died on November 3, 1954, after a brief illness. His works remain a part of many private collections and are on exhibit in major museums throughout the world.

Interpersonal communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Interpersonal communication - Essay Example However, the scenario has changed rapidly during the last four decades and communication has emerged as one of the key factors whether in a group of people or between two individuals. Since interpersonal communication is an unending process (West and Turner 10), the changes that are noticed in this type of communication are obvious. In short, it is extremely difficult to define what interpersonal communication is, simply because it cannot be bound within a restricted area. Thus, the changes that it has picked in various stages of evolution have become an intrinsic part of the same. Communication is a broad term in itself that incorporates several nuances. As a matter of fact, the factors that affect interpersonal communication require more focus in order to understand and draw conjectures. For instance, Judee Burgoon’s Expectancy Violation Theory is a significant milestone that illustrates non verbal communication in various ways. This theory that demonstrates how non verbal communication comes under the influence of expectations is worth appreciating. The significance of this theory lies to the extent and capacity in which it depicts non verbal communicat ion such as body language and eye contact. Interpersonal communication is intertwined with our daily lives and there is hardly a moment that does not reflect various aspects of this communication, which is substantiated by Turner and West: â€Å"Each day we perform one of the most ancient of all behaviors: interpersonal communication. We head off to work and greet people on the bus, in the office, in the carpool or on the street. We talk to our roommates and discuss last night’s party over breakfast. Or we wake up and soon find ourselves in the middle of a heated exchange with a family member about dirty dishes. Although each of these situations differs, they all underscore the pervasiveness of interpersonal communication in our lives†

The Impact of WACC on Capital Budgeting and Structure Essay

The Impact of WACC on Capital Budgeting and Structure - Essay Example The first step is to prepare comprehensive cash flow estimate information for the project under consideration. This step is then followed by forecasting a suitable discount rate to be used in the evaluation of the net present value (NPV). "This discount rate is the return required by the investors to compensate for handing over their capital to the company. It is also known as the company's hurdle or weighted average cost of capital (WACC)."(singh 2005. 26) According to Donald Riggin of Albert Risk Management Consultants, "The weighted average cost of capital is the company's cost of maintaining capital, of owning capital." (2007. Para.4) theoretically speaking, both the concept and its importance as a company's performance measure are very well established. In fact, the company's failure to make up its debt cost is considered by many experts to be the most obvious crisis indicator. The accuracy of the WACC calculations are extremely important to avoid such scenarios as they assist the administration determining projects that are most suitable for the company.

The Role of Slavery in Roman Comedy Essay Example for Free

The Role of Slavery in Roman Comedy Essay A Greek comedic playwright named Menander wrote a play with the same title. Since Menander’s version is lost, historians aren’t sure how original Terence’s version is. We can suspect that at least some of Terence’s version is merely a translation or a very slightly edited form of Menander’s. One of the most recurring themes in Greek and Roman Theater is that of the master and the slave. Almost every play by Plautus contained â€Å"the cunning slave† who outwitted or ridiculed his master’s action. George Duckworth described this relationship saying, â€Å"It is hardly possible that in real life ancient slaves had as much freedom as the slaves of Roman comedy, nor could they have been as outspoken and as impudent,† (Duckworth 288). Themes such as this sought to diminish the harsh reality of slavery and racism through comedy. Because Plutarch and Terence depicted slaves more as free men than as prisoners, their comedies fought the traditional ideas of slavery and discrimination. Before discussing slavery in Roman plays, it is important to know the customs of the Roman Theater. All Roman citizens attended the theater for free, because either the city funded the play, or a wealthy, individual citizen paid for the production. These individuals might be running for an upcoming election, so they provided entertainment to the Roman people to gain favor with them. The better the play, the better their reputation would be. In general, the Romans of the time, combat and bloodshed were of the utmost desires for entertainment. The more realistic and gruesome the event, the more they enjoyed themselves. At the time, women were not allowed to have roles in the theater, and in the beginning stages of Roman Theater, women could not even attend the productions. Young boys played the female roles instead. But most interestingly, slaves usually made up the entire cast of a Roman production. There are twenty surviving plays written by Plautus. The first instance of a slave acting out of character is in the play Captivi. In this play, Philopolemus, an Aetolian is captured and sold into slavery under an Elean doctor. His father, Hegio proceeds to buy many Elean slaves to trade for his son. He ends up buying a well-known Elean named Philocrates, who is accompanied by his own slave, Tyndarus. Hegio plans to send the master back to Elis to facilitate the trade. But Tyndarus and Philocrates switched identities, which would have caused the deal to fall through. Hegio is infuriated, and orders Tyndarus to the quarries. David Konstan explains the theme of this play as, â€Å"the conflict between a stern, conventional father and a son driven to defiance by the irresistible force of erotic passion. A common figure in these plays is the household slave, who risks the displeasure of his senior master†¦in order to advance the amatory interests of the junior,† (Konstan 59). Instead of the general storyline, Philocrates is the senior master because he is the original owner of Tyndarus. Hegio is the junior master because he has only recently obtained Tyndarus. Hegio still holds all power over Tyndarus, though, and this act of defiance would normally be punished with death for the perpetrator. Instead, Hegio is convinced by Tyndarus that his actions were purely out of loyalty, and not to offend Hegio. Hegio respects this and decides to let him live. Another famous play by Plautus that contains the role of the cunning slave who is not punished justly is Rudens. Gripus, the slave of a poor man that lives on the coast comes across a treasure chest while fishing, and dreams of what he will do with his spoils, explaining that he will buy his freedom and become a tyrant with his immense wealth. Another slave, Trachalio comes along, though, and claims that if Gripus doesn’t split the treasure with him, then he will report Gripus to the original owner of the treasure. Gripus argues that the treasure is his because the sea belongs to no one, and consequently that which is recovered from the sea belongs to the finder. Trachalio suggests they settle the argument by talking to Gripus’ owner Daemones. Daemones sides with Trachalio, who wanted the treasure not for himself, but for the original owner, Palaestra. Daemones then chides Gripus for his selfishness, â€Å"Daemones angrily sends him into the house and complains about the poor quality of slaves; luckily, he reflects, Gripus didn’t meet another like himself, or both would have been implicated in the crime,† (Konstan 84). Trachalio is the cunning slave in this example, and he, like Tyndarus, is not motivated by selfish reasons, but by doing what is right. This is the reason why the cunning slave is celebrated in Roman Theater. Duckworth describes the attitude of this slave as, â€Å"the freedom and insolence of the comic slaves, their immunity from serious punishment, their happy-go-luck existence†¦combine to paint a picture of slave life that bears little relation to reality,† (Duckworth 290). In his essay entitle Comic Shackles, Ulrike Roth elaborates on this point saying, â€Å"But Geta’s concern is not evidence for the employment of chained labour on the land. Both Plautus and Terence, then, do not employ the image of the chained slave for work on the land of Roman slave owners,† (Roth). The slaves don’t actually suffer any torture throughout the course of the productions. In reality, the Roman master surely would have punished his slave for even the most minor mistakes, just to keep his reputation as a man in power. Duckworth says that, â€Å"however much the slaves of comedy refer to whips and chains, to the mill and the quarry and the cross, they seldom experience them in the plays. The frequent use by slaves of epithets like mastigia, furcifer, uerbero, verbereum caput, as terms of banter or abuse does not mean that the slaves are necessarily referring to punishments which they or their fellow-slaves have themselves undergone,† (Duckworth 290). Plautus and Terence do not want to show the truth about slavery of the time in their productions. This may be so that they didn’t insult anyone by generalizing what â€Å"most† Romans did. If a play was poorly received, then the citizen who invested in the production would likely destroy the name of the playwright. Duckworth explains that, â€Å"when the intrigue is directed against a pompous soldier or a rascally leno, the slave’s machinations have the approval of the other characters and the sympathy of the spectators. Such trickery is successful and there is no question of punishment,† (Duckworth 288). When the audience is on the side of the trickster, there is no need for punishment in the eyes of the audience. This technique is essential in Roman theater. It makes the slave, a degenerate type in the eyes of most Romans, the hero of the play; an integral part in the outcome of the story. Just like in Miles Gloriosus. Plautus writes about the character of Palaestrio as another example of this motif. He plots and schemes against his new master Pyrgopolynices in order to return the kidnapped Philocomasium to his former master, Pleusicles. Pleusicles hides with an old man next door after receiving a letter from Palaestrio about their location. Palaestrio crafts an opening in the wall so that the girl can visit her true love behind the soldier’s back. The plan almost fails when another slave sees the girl with another man, but through his craftiness Palaestrio manages to convince him it was the girl’s visiting twin sister. He then enlists the help of a courtesan to stand in for the neighbour’s wife and seduces the soldier so he will set the girl free. The ruse is successful, and Palaestrio escapes with his old master and the girl. The freedom that Palaestrio has in this play is something to be desired by all slaves. The fact that he could find paper to write a letter to his master in secret and that he could even write at all is hard to imagine of a slave during this time period. But his defiance of the unjust soldier Pyrgopolynices is admired by the audience because he is one of the main characters. This depiction of the life of a slave is not one of reality, but it does make for good entertainment. The pardoning of slaves and the cunning slave are two important motifs in Roman theater. Duckworth states, â€Å"Angry threats†¦are not to be taken seriously. They are more useful in portraying the comic aspects of a young man’s impatience or an old man’s wrath than in throwing light upon the relation of master and slave in antiquity,† (Duckworth 289). The slave is usually meant to be a beloved character that either encourages the main character to do what is right or is the main character himself.

Discussing Literary Genre Essay -- essays research papers

To define genre is to embark on a conjectural journey within a theoretical minefield. Genre theory has drawn immense debate and contemplation throughout literary history, however, several conclusions have emerged. Genre types are unfixed categories whose characteristics differ considerably among the specific genres; furthermore, the role of literary history plays a significant role in discussions of genre, for genre types evolve and shift with each new literary text. An approach to the discussion of genre, family resemblances, illustrates similar conventions among texts within a genre, but there are significant problems in this approach. There are several ways to discuss genre, and although problems abound in any approach, the subjective nature of the literary experience calls attention to the importance of the interaction between reader and text to provide the final word on genre.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although there is considerable theoretical debate about the definition of specific genres, the conventional definition tends to be based on the idea that texts within a genre share particular conventions of content and form, such as themes, settings, structure and style. However, the nature of genre leads to several problems inherent in the defining of genres. Certain genres are looser and more open ended in their conventions than other genres and some genres have many conventions while others have very few. Furthermore, literary texts that overlap and mix genres blur the distinction between them. Genres are not discrete systems consisting of a fixed number of list able items. Consequently, the same text can belong to different genres in different countries or times. For example, Latin poets categorized the elegy mainly in terms of its meter, while poets during the English Renaissance regarded the subject matter and tone to be determinate of form. History and cul ture play a role in the ever changing status of genres, which are difficult to define because the concept encompasses so many different literary qualities and conventions that can be broken or accepted, overlapped or mixed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rather than define genre, some theorists approach the discussion of genre using Ludwig Wittgenstein’s concept of “family resemblances'; among literary texts. Although a literary text rarely has all the characteristics of... ... are interpreted, and expectations and emotional outlooks are the individual results of reading literature. The expectations prompted by conventions in a literary text play a large role in the discussion of genre. For example, Mavis Gallant’s “From the Fifteenth District'; cheats the expectation that arises from the first sentence, “[a]lthough an epidemic of haunting...'; (Gallant 115), and surprises readers with the discovery that the story is a reversal of the ghost story. A reader’s personal interaction with a literary work is decisive of genre, for what we think a genre is and the individual’s impression of a literary text often serve to classify a literary work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The individual’s response to literature plays a vital role in the discussion of genre, for literary texts are created for an audience of one. The various means to discuss genre provide insightful observations; however, significant problems are inherent in these discussions. The constantly changing categories of genre and the emergence of new literary works make defining genre a daunting task better left to the individual reader.

The Leader of Future

Running Head: THE LEADER OF THE FUTURE Chantell Hilliard Post University The Leader of the Future BUS 508 December 15, 2012 Professor Carolyn Shiffman Table of Contents Executive Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Challenges for future leaders†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. 4 Blueprint for dynamic planning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. 4 Areas of focus for leaders of the future†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. 5 Lessons from past leadership†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. †¦. 7 Future Generational Workf orce†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦. 9 References. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. 10 Executive OverviewWhat does the leader of future look like? This question reflects on the Baby Boomers generation transitions into retirement leaving the next generation to move into leadership positions. For the next generation to transition into the once Baby Boomer workforce, future leaders have to face a range of challenges. This generation will need to learn how to monitor external threats and opportunities that can affect an organization. Leaders of the future have different leadership style from their counterparts. The next generation will have to learn from past leadership behaviors. Future leaders need to become technology savvy.They will also have to become acquainted with different cultures and practice the art of shared leadership. To succeed in a competitive business world, future leaders will have to develop a leadership style that fits the standards of an authentic leader. Challenges for leaders of the future As the business world changes, leadership roles will present challenges. The challenges that a leader will face knowing how to communicate is an important aspect for leaders to be effective. Through effective communication, leaders encourage others to trust and understand what is needed to be done within the organization.However, without effective communication a leader may not be able to lead his or her group effectively. Another distinctive challenge that leaders of the future will encounter are managing conflicts. Future lead ers will have to recognize conflict that is necessary and conflict that distracts subordinates and escalates. A leader who does not address conflict can see results lost productivity and lost revenue. If leaders of future want to increase performance they need to learn how to put aside personal feelings while dealing with conflicts among employees.Blueprint for dynamic planning The blueprint for dynamic planning is how a leader assesses external and internal analysis on opportunities and threats facing the organization environment. For an organization to have success, a leader needs to complete a SWOT analysis. Completing a SWOT analysis will enable a leader to focus on the organization strengths and weaknesses, spot opportunities, and lastly analyze any threats. The SWOT framework is a powerful planning tool that helps a leader understand the organization nice in the market and distinguish the company from their competitors.Monitoring the external environment requires a leader to u nderstand opportunities for the organization and threats that will hurt the organization growth. These external elements include customers, government, economy, competition, and public perception. The importance of customer relationships can help a company find ways to influence their customers to buy products and to improve sales. Government regulations are important to monitor because new laws and regulations can affect a company profit margins and determine if a company can ship their products into foreign markets.The external business environment can also exert the pressures of the economy. A leader should play close attention to the economy growing or collapsing. Monitoring the state of economy is crucial for leaders in the ever changing business world. For example, companies might need to lower prices during recessions. Because of the various economic shifts, leaders of the future will need to adapt their marketing strategies. Competition has a significant effect on an organiz ation external environment because competitors are continually differentiating their products and service from its competitors.Monitoring the competition will allow a leader to have a competitive advantage in the market. Lastly, a future leader should monitor any scandals or negative perceptions about the company. While a negative image can hurt company sales, it can eventually hinder growth and success. Areas of focus for leaders of the future If future leaders want to be effective they need to increase their focus on new technologies, appreciation of cultural diversity, and learn how to share leadership. Because of the rapid technological changes in the world, future business leaders need to be technology savvy.Having the ability to know the importance of technology, gives the future leader a competitive edged. Technology as we know it continues to evolve. Bennis (1992) suggest that leaders of the future need to embrace technology, if not they are sure to be unsuccessful on  "capitalizing on the opportunities that arise in this fast-evolving competitive arena† (Bennis, 1992, p. 189). The business world is becoming global. Leaders of the future should focus on cultural diversity because a cultural diverse workplace promotes several advantages for an organization.If leaders don’t respect the differences in other people’s cultural background they may risk falling behind as an effective leader. Understanding other people’s culture is considered a good business practice. If future leaders want to succeed in the business world, they need to implement motivational strategies that will inspire people in different cultures. To achieve a positive and collaborative environment, leaders have to embrace mutual respect amongst their diverse colleagues. Leaders of the future should understand that sharing leadership is not an easy task but quite possible.The following are ways leaders can share leadership: * Give power away to the most quali fied individuals to strengthen their capabilities (Goldsmith, 2010, p. 1). * Define the limits of decision-making power (Goldsmith, 2010, p. 1). * Cultivate a climate in which people feel free to take initiative on assignments (Goldsmith, 2010, p. 1). * Give qualified people discretion and autonomy over their tasks and resources and encourage them to use these tools (Goldsmith, 2010, p. 1). * Don't second guess the decisions of those you have empowered to do so (Goldsmith, 2010, p. ). Lessons from past leadership To be successful, a leader must learn lessons from past leadership behaviors. Many past leaders have engaged in negative and positive behaviors that can affect the organization. Following positive leadership behaviors will allow a leader to practices a leadership style that involves building an empowering workplace. Future leaders should strive to develop integrity. Having integrity means building trust with your followers. Most importantly, a leader who leads with integrit y means sticking to their word.Past leadership has shown that integrity requires a leader to have self-awareness. Self-awareness means that a leader is conscious of their strengths and weaknesses. For example, if a leader pretends to know everything and doesn’t acknowledge their mistakes, this creates the perception of lack of integrity from their followers. Leadership without integrity can have drastic consequences for any organization. Unfortunately, the Enron scandal is great example on how Enron leaders compromised integrity with their desires for wealth and power. Enron executives’ unethical practices left a scar on corporate America.Enron’s lack of integrity results in thousands of jobs lost, pensions lost, public disgrace, and felony convictions. The Enron fiasco should teach leaders of tomorrow that a true leader has the responsibility to be honest and open with their followers, have good character, obey the law and to transmit truthful data at all times . From a personal perspective, my core beliefs are solid and promote a positive leadership in the workplace. Having core values like integrity defines who I am as an authentic leader. I model integrity by being honest and making the right choices.Blanchard (2010) suggests that, â€Å"integrity is the most essential element of leadership† (p. 180). I believe that having integrity results in a leader being seen as credible to others. Without it, a person will fail as a leader. Leading by fear and intimidation are negative behaviors that future leaders should avoid. The problem with leading by fear is that it kills creativity in the workplace. Sadly, these tactics has been used by many leaders in organizations. Future leaders need to understand that leading by fear can have negative several repercussions.Leaders who lead through such means will find that this leadership style is not an effective approach for motivating, inspiring, and empowering their followers. As a result, thi s behavior creates uncertainty and high turnover among employees. Many will argue that this tactic can be beneficial for an organization. Apple Inc. , CEO Steve Jobs is a prime example on past leaders who lead by fear. Steve Jobs has been described as a complex and unconventional leader. His tyrannical leadership style created an atmosphere that employee received verbal lashings and fear of making mistakes.Steve Jobs successfully implemented innovation and provided success with Apple Inc. However, his style is worth learning so leaders of the future can avoid the pitfalls of leading with authoritarian leadership. Future Generational Workforce According to researchers by 2020 the future generational workforce will be led by three generations attempting to coexist in the US economy (Nahavandi, 2010). Currently, the workforce is comprised of baby boomers born between 1946-1964, Generation X born between 1966-1980, and the workforce of the future Generation Y also known as â€Å"Millen nials† born between 1980-2000.Because Baby Boomers are approaching retirement, employers are looking to the Millennial generation to bring in valuable new perspectives that will cater the organization mission and goals. The Millennial generation will approach their expectations and beliefs from an entirely new way that goes beyond traditional behaviors. What sets this generation apart from their older counterparts is that they are not afraid of the change. Therefore, their attitudes towards work are different from their parents because they prefer flexibility.Generation Y has high expectations from their employers and the direction of their career path. They are consistently seeking new and innovative challenges that will allow them to effectively lead others. Millennials leaders are very different from their previous generations because they rely heavily on the internet as a form of resource, communication and networking. This generation will overtake the majority American wo rkforce by storm and their leadership style will be influenced by leaders before them.These leaders will have no problem attracting and retaining followers because they are motivated to understand their subordinate’s perspectives. Conclusion In conclusion, as the workforce changes so does the look of leaders. These future leaders have to be prepared for the unexpected and unexplained challenges. Therefore, as the next generation enters leadership roles they will have to know more than traditional business practices seen by generations before. For an organization to survive, these future leaders should have a set of core values that followers will trust and respect.References Bennis, W. G. (1992). Leaders on Leadership. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Books. Blanchard, K. H. , (2010) Leading at a higher Level: Blanchard on Leadership and Creating High Performing Organizations, Upper Saddle River, N. J. : Pearson/Prentice Hall. Goldsmith, M. (2010, May). Sharing leadership to Maximize Talent. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved December 15, 2012 from http://blogs. hbr. org/goldsmith/2010/05/sharing_leadership_to_maximize. html Nahavandi, A. (2012). The Art and Science of Leadership. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

AIDS and Children

HIV/AIDS is relatively a new disease, and was first recognized in the year 1980, following an outbreak of the opportunistic infection Pneumocystis carnii pneumonia in a group of New York homosexuals.   The incidences of Kaposi’s sarcoma (a malignancy of the blood vessels) were also observed to occur more than 50 times in young homosexuals.Gradually, it was observed that the condition was an infectious disease, and tended to spread wherever infected blood/semen was involved including blood transfusion, intravenous drug usage and unprotected sexual activity (whether homosexual or heterosexual).The condition was gradually observed to affect the immune system, causing a huge number of opportunistic infections and malignancies.   By the year 1982, AIDS was also observed in several children belonging to New York, San Francisco, Miami and New Jersey.The condition was relatively unknown before the 1980’s and following this, it became one of the most common and deadly infect ious diseases.   Although, HIV/AIDS began in a developed nation which could handle the ill-effects of the disease, it slowly began to spread to developing and poor nations, and the effect on such individuals is even more devastating (Mandell, 2005 & Borkowsky, 2004).HIV/AIDS has not only been a problem in the reproductive age group, but has also caused serious problems in the pediatric age groups.   In the US, more than 9300 children (as on December 2002) have been affected with the disease.   The number of cases of individuals affected with the disease is still on the rise.There may be several differences in the opportunistic infections, malignancies and symptoms that occur in children and adults.   In children, HIV/AIDS can either spread through vertical transmission (from infected mother to child) and from other means (including child sexual abuse, IV drug abuse, infected blood transfusion, etc).If we look at vertical transmission of HIV/AIDS, the disease can be transmitt ed by three different methods, which occur at three different times: – prenatally it is transmitted across the placenta from the infected maternal blood, during delivery it may be transmitted from contaminated material secretions and after delivery it may occur due to consumption of contaminated breast milk.Some of the factors that play an important role in the transmission of HIV/AIDS from infected mother to child include the severity of the infection of the mother, the material viral load, trauma to the child during delivery, the mode and the duration of breastfeeding.Children below the age of 13 years can develop lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia and recurrent bacterial infections.   The risk of a serious drop in the CD T4 lymphocytes below 200 is less in children compared to adults.   In children with HIV/AIDS, the CD T4 cell count can play a major role in determining the prognosis of the disease.Children usually have a rise in the number of lymphocytes.   This may be observed in normal children and infants.   If the CD4 count in children affected with HIV/AIDS drops down, it can suggest a serious impairment.   Children suffering from HIV/AIDS may also develop a serious form of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and can develop serious respiratory problems.This condition may also be fatal if proper preventive measures and treatment are not followed (CDC, 1996, Mandell, 2005 & Borkowsky, 2004).Another problem that can be frequently observed in children who develop HIV/AIDS from infected mothers (vertical transmission) is the chances of co-infection with other STD’s including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, etc.   These conditions are transmitted in a similar manner (mainly IV drug usage, unprotected sex, blood transfusion, vertical transmission, etc).Often when a person is infected with HCV, the infection takes a long time to develop and progress (about 20 years).   However, in co infection with HIV, the re may be an acceleration of both the conditions often leading to severe disease in the infant or childhood stage of life.When the mother is co-infected with HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C infection, the chances of the child getting infected with HIV is much higher than if the mother is infected with HIV alone.   In cases of infection with HIV, the infection spread in 16 % of the cases, whereas in co-infection cases, it spread 26 % of the total number of cases (England, 2006).The Problem1. Incidences of HIV/AIDS in childrenThe exact incidences of HIV/AIDS in children may be far more than anticipated.   On December 31, 2002, more than 9300 children were reported to suffer from AIDS.   A majority of these cases are due to infection from the infected mother.In a study conducted in 1997 in the US, more than 91 % of the cases were due to infection from the mother to the child, 2 % were due to transfusion of infected blood and 8 % developed the condition due to an undetermined risk.   1 of the children who was a part of the study had a clotting disorder.Most of the children who were infected with HIV/AIDS had parents who were using IV drugs.   In most cases, the mother practiced unprotected sex.   There is a lot of racial differences in the rates of HIV/AIDS.   Individuals belonging to minority and weaker sections of the population are at a higher risk of acquiring the infection compared to the mainstream population.There is a tendency that children across the various racial groups would have the same incidence rates of HIV/AIDS as their mothers.   In a study conducted, it was found that 63 % of the children affected with HIV/AIDS were African-Americans and 26% were Hispanics.   18 % belonged to the White groups and 1 % was from the other racial groups.Out of every 100, 000 children in the US who developed HIV/AIDS, 6.4 % were Blacks, 2.3 % were Hispanics, 0.4 % were Whites and 0.7 % were other racial groups.   In most HIV affected children, the diseas e is diagnosed at the age of 18 months.In most children affected with HIV (about 80 % of all cases), AIDS develops by the age of 5 years.   Most cases of HIV/AIDS was recorded in New York (1900 cases), followed by Florida (1200 cases), New Jersey, California and Texas.   Between the years 1984 to 1992, there was a rise in the incidence of HIV/AIDS due to the ignorance of the disease from various populations including Blacks and homosexual groups.In the year 1992, the number of HIV/AIDS cases were as high as 905, which declined to 663 in 1995 (a drop in about 27%) mostly attributed to greater awareness and education.   However, across varies ethnic and racial groups, greater amount improvements occurred in the Whites (39 % drop), followed by Black (26 % drop) and Hispanic (25 % drops).Another reason for this drop had been the sudden discovery of the effect of Zidovudine (an antiretroviral drug) in helping to reduce the vertical transmission of HIV/AIDS from infected mother to c hild.   In 1994, a series of clinical trials effectively demonstrated that the disease vertical transmission could be reduced by about 65 % if Zidovudine was given early during the pregnancy of the infected woman.Hence, recommendations were raised for mandatory testing, counseling and ARV therapy for pregnant women.   Following more active implementation of this program following 1995, the number of HIV/AIDS cases due to vertical transmission dropped to 92 in 2002.   This was a significant drop, cutting the incidence rates by 10 times within a span of ten years (Mandell, 2005, Yogev, 2004, CDC, 1996, CDC, 2008).

Report on successful academic piece of writing The WritePass Journal

Report on successful academic piece of writing Introduction Report on successful academic piece of writing IntroductionReferences taken from:-Related Introduction This report is aimed to improve the potential of academic writing and skills for students who are writing report on academic lesson or any other academic subjects. There are many Academic writing styles Skills. This report offers useful improving tool for writing Academic piece of writing skills for a successful Piece of academic writing and also develop academic writing and gather knowledge on academic writing for a successful presentation and to build a perfect report. There are few many good writing skills and techniques for developing academic writing skills. Academic writing for a successful presentation can also be said how to write an essay properly. This report or essay will give a demo to the approaches for developing academic writing skills and to know the various steps in the whole process. The approach enables students to engage in academic piece of writing and also allows you to identify your own self identity about your writing and to see the progress towards a finished successful and perfect academic piece of writing. The piece of writing focuses on the following important and beneficial points which are highlighted below: Identifying and resolving the problems faced during the writing. Giving knowledge to know familiar English language structure also helping in required fields needed. Addressing the important points to enhance and improve the academic piece of writing, book notes should be used for writing academic articles. Essays and exams are the main practical test for assessing student’s progress. As a result of these approaches the students can improve their skills and knowledge and try to improve the performance which will result in increasing and raising the level of the student’s confidence. A teacher can also help the student by drawing attention to the different styles of speaking and also different types of writing and improving them to write successful academic piece of writing. There are many writing styles in a language such as english.This also helps in writing reports successfully and also writing styles, writing lessons will be improved. Improving and Developing Academic Writing Skills: A student can help in improving writing skills by attempting on writing and focusing on the other skills areas. Some of them are as follows and the important ones are highlighted below. For Example When a student is reading a passage, he should focus on the text or the argument or focus in the grammar section. A teacher can also help the student by drawing attention to the different styles of speaking and also different types of writing and improving them to write successful academic piece of writing. There are many writing styles in a language such as English. These   also helps in writing reports successfully and also writing styles, writing lessons will be improved. Academic piece of successful writing helps in writing, using new vocabularies paraphrasing, referencing, paragraph building and against plagiarism. Also includes summarizing, proof writing, cohesion and coherence all these things should be taken in to consideration while writing a Academic piece of successful writing. And another most important point to remember is that after writing an Academic piece of successful writing a student should always check correct his own piece of writing. These are the following important points which should be carefully examined before preparing a successful Piece of academic writing. If these points are not carefully or properly assessed, it’s impossible to make a successful Piece of academic writing. Successful Piece of academic writing requires knowledge in academic. The most important points which are required or very important while writing a successful Piece of academic writing, they are as follows:- Cohesion and coherence Paraphrasing and Summarising Proof Reading Plagiarism Referencing Now all the important points which are essential for writing a successful Piece of academic writing are explained below:-   Cohesion and coherence Cohesion and coherence are very essential skills for students. Cohesion means connection between one word to another by both logically and grammatically. It includes use of synonyms, tenses, verb etc. Coherence means linking arguments and ideas, paragraphs and sentences each other’s its can be easy to understand. Cohesion is the bond that joins a piece of writing together it holds together sentence to sentence and paragraph to paragraph. Paraphrasing and Summarising Paraphrasing and Summarising is the rewriting texts from original texts to own words. Summary is basically one fourth of the writer views and in this views we select main and essential idea. Paraphrasing maintained meaning and quality of the writer views and it may be same length and extended to original words. It makes sure our views generate sense and reader can understood it. Proof Reading Proof Reading is the focussing on mistakes of grammatical, punctuation and spelling. It’s the essential part for editing; we should always care about proofread after revision. Proof readers find different into original source to document. Plagiarism Plagiarism is the serious crime .It involve copying someone else words, wrong information about the source and changing in some words such put the synonym but copying the sentence. It’s a dishonesty our work therefore avoid the plagiarism. Avoid Plagiarism Always use quotation marks if use writer’s words and should acknowledge every source. When summarise any topic firstly reading the source and always express own ideas. Modify the original source using proper paraphrase. Referencing – Referencing is indicated what source used in topic .There are two parts of referencing- text References and Bibliography of the references. In texts references included writer name, date of publication, or mention website. It is used for acknowledgment and given credit to author. Bibliography is the end list and it is the photocopied material which searching our source. These are the following important points which should be carefully examined before preparing a successful Piece of academic writing. To conclude we must take care of all the points and also should be carefully examined before starting to prepare a successful Piece of academic writing. We should also take help of academic styles, reading books also helps in preparing a perfect report. All the findings and knowledge gathered from other academic writing should be acknowledged with proper referencing. If we take care of all these essential points we can ultimately make a proper academic piece of writing. References taken from:- 1. studymore.org.uk/gloess.htm.  Ã‚   2. slideshare.net/malomaths/academic-writing-dit-summary

5 Types of Conciseness Solutions

5 Types of Conciseness Solutions 5 Types of Conciseness Solutions 5 Types of Conciseness Solutions By Mark Nichol Various syntactical constructions signal the potential for verbal economy. In each example below, one or more words are easily omitted, as shown in the revision that follows the discussion about each sentence. 1. This is another step toward bringing the country’s privacy-protection regime in line with those of other international jurisdictions. In this sentence, nominalization, or transformation of a verb into a noun, results in an unnecessarily complicated syntax and an excessive word count. To reverse this process, convert â€Å"in line† to a form of align and replace the verb bringing with it: â€Å"This is another step toward aligning the country’s privacy-protection regime with those of other international jurisdictions.† 2. This contact would typically be someone who is in charge of managing privacy compliance. Here, the sentence is rendered slightly less wordy by omitting the unnecessary phrase â€Å"who is†: â€Å"This contact would typically be someone in charge of managing privacy compliance.† (â€Å"That is/are† is also often extraneous, as in â€Å"However, it is emerging technology-related challenges that are the foremost challenges for survey respondents,† which can be reduced to â€Å"However, emerging technology-related challenges are the foremost challenges for survey respondents.†) 3. There are a number of technical provisions that apply to providers of electronic communication services. This sentence includes an expletive (that term, in grammatical contexts, refers to the use of the weak phrase structure â€Å"There is/was/are/were† (or one beginning with it, followed by one of the listed verbs). This telltale phrase, and the corresponding that, are easily, productively omitted: â€Å"A number of technical provisions apply to providers of electronic communication services.† 4. The agency is analyzing the different types of alternative data available. Here, the superfluous adjective different (the idea is already implied in types) is omitted: â€Å"The agency is analyzing the types of alternative data available.† (Currently is another almost always extraneous modifier.) 5. Pinpoint which data to monitor for the purpose of helping continuously improve the department’s performance. Delete useless phrases such as â€Å"for the purpose of,† which may appear to strengthen a sentence but only clutter it (and change the phrase â€Å"of helping† to â€Å"to help†): â€Å"Pinpoint which data to monitor to help continuously improve the department’s performance.† (This sentence can also be inverted to â€Å"To help continuously improve the department’s performance, pinpoint which data to monitor.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:44 Resume Writing TipsWhat’s the Best Way to Refer to a Romantic Partner?

Business Eithics (British Airways) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Eithics (British Airways) - Essay Example This is because the directors and managers are charged with corporate governance by the owners of the entity and hence, one would expect them to be focused on meeting the best needs of the owners of the entity in question. The fundamental question is how do the people charged with corporate governance meet the best needs and expectations of the owners of an entity? There are two approaches to answering this question (Fernando, 2009). The first is the shareholder approach. Under the shareholder approach, a business has two fundamental objectives: to obey the law and to maximise shareholders wealth (Fernando, 2009). This approach suggests that managers need to put everything aside and only focus on profit maximisation. The second approach, which is known as the stakeholder approach states that the people charged with governance have a fundamental duty of maximising profits under the constraits of respecting the obligations owed to external stakeholders (Fernando, 2009). Freeman et al (2010) define stakeholders as â€Å"any group or individual that can affect or is affected by the achievement of a corporations purpose† (p86). This means that any entity that is within or outside an entity that is influenced or influences the activities of a company in its bid to meet its objectives is known as a stakeholder. In analysing the fundamentals of the key debates in this area, Mullerat identifies that the shareholder perspective is based on the short term vision of maximising returns on investment (2009). On the other hand, the stakeholder perspective supports a longer term theme of promoting sustainability in profit making and this is the best way to ensure that a business thrives into the future. British Airways is fundamentally operated as a company and thus, it has a profit motive which requires the management and those charged with governance to make