Forensic Pathologist Career Description

FORENSIC PATHOLOGIST * Correct Name of the Career The full name for a Forensic Pathologist is a Forensic Pathologist. * Education and Training Requirements To become a Forensic Pathologist you will need about 13 to 15 years of college. All this includes four years of college to earn a bachelor’s degree in any major and completing course requirements for medical school. Second, you would need 4 years to earn a M. D. or D. O. Next, there is 4-5 years of practicing forensic pathology. Also you would need one year fellowship in forensic pathology.This means that they would put their training into the real world and work there jobs. After residency you must pass the test and receive a certificate as a certified Forensic Pathologist. * Responsibilities and Daily Activities The main job of a Forensic Pathologist is to find the cause of the death, what caused the malfunction of the body, and to make autopsy reports. They do this by collecting and examine blood, tissue and DNA samples. They also investigate the scene where the victim died and make hypothesis based on the surroundings.Forensic Pathologist could also make hypothesis based on your health and living conditions of the victim. The work hours are usually 40 hours a week with weekends off. It mostly depends on the office you work at. * Salary Range The salary range for a Forensic Pathologist is $28,505-$226,321. The pay depends on the amount of experience and where you work. Pathologist in private offices would get paid a little higher compared to federal offices. * Documentation of Sources (2008). Forensic Pathologist. ONLINE] Available at: http://explorehealthcareers. org/en/Career/129/Forensic_Pathologist#Tab=Overview. [Last Accessed 28 August 2012]. S. E. Smith (2012). For Medical Students, What Does Residency Mean?. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. wisegeek. com/for-medical-students-what-does-residency-mean. htm. [Last Accessed 28 August 2012]. (2012). Forensic Pathologist Salary . [ONLINE] Availa ble at: http://www. payscale. com/research/US/Job=Forensic__Pathologist/Salary. [Last Accessed 28 August 2012]. (2009). Hours and Working Conditions . ONLINE] Available at: http://www. forensicpathologist. com/. [Last Accessed 28 August 2012]. * Self Reflection I would enjoy this career because I enjoy solving mystery and it isn’t a job where you write reports all day, there is work that actually means something. I could collect tissue and blood samples and observe the body to find the cause of death. Also, the pay is really good. The only thing that is bad for me it would take a really long time for certification. It would take 13-15 years after high school to get certification.

Unconventional Medical Approaches

Overview of Complementary, Alternative and Integrative Medicines Aside from the conventional medical practice, there are also complementary medicine together with alternative and integrative medicines that can help the suffering individual alleviate their pains and health problems.The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), National Institutes of Health has defined complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as â€Å"a group of diverse health care and medical systems, practices and products that are not presently considered to be part of the conventional medicine† (House Select, 2006 p.10). It is very important to note, however, that Complementary medicine alone is very distinct from alternative medicine alone. According to the NCCAM: Complementary medicine is applied jointly with the conventional medicine such as the use of aromatherapy in reducing the patient's pain after undergoing a surgery while alternative medicine is applied as a substitute for conventional medicine such as the use of special diet to treat cancer instead of following the physician’s recommendation to undergo surgery or chemotherapy.Integrative medicine, on the other side, is a combined â€Å"mainstream medical therapies and CAM therapies for which there is some high-quality scientific evidence of safety and effectiveness. † (What is CAM? , 2007). II. How CAM Flourished in the United States? Due to beliefs by some millions of Americans that conventional medicine alone is not enough, CAM has gained its footing in the United States (U. S)Aside from this reason, it was found out, through the survey conducted in 2002 by Advance Data From Vital and Health Statistics, that the growth in CAM usage among Americans are attributed to one or more of the following factors: marketing forces, on-line information availability, patients’ desire to be actively involved with their medical and health decision making, and patients’ general dissa tisfaction with the conventional medical applications (Barnes, P. , E. Powell-Griner, K. McFann, and R. Nahin, 2004, p. 1) With these identified growth and popularity factors for CAM, the survey has identified major reasons for such usage.

Business Models and Technological Innovation Management

The business model helps the company to satisfy the needs and look after the problems of the customer with respect to the product of the company. It helps the company to gain value in the market. The performance, design, price etc. are few of the characteristics that the company needs to keep in mind before launching the product in the market. The model helps to segment the market according to the customers that the company targets with the help of different channels to make the product available in the market. The cost of the product helps the company to build a relationship with the consumers that help the brand to gain access in the market (Baden-Fuller & Haefliger, 2013). The final building block illustrates the cost of delivering the value proposition that includes the resources required as well as major activities involved. The critical components of business model have been validated. On the other hand, the purpose of partnership is to make sure that the commodities offer the appeal to the target market. Certain business models necessitate the involvement of several stakeholders in order to make sense. In today’s lecture, the process that deals with the clarification involves the major assumption that underpin business model. It is required to check every response in the building model canvas against several criteria that involves the fact that how an individual knows what he has written in each building block is correct. For example, the business model of Ryanair involves high volume passenger as compared to the business model of South American market (DaSilva & Trkman, 2014). Baden-Fuller, C., & Haefliger, S. (2013). Business models and technological innovation.  Long range planning,  46(6), 419-426. DaSilva, C. M., & Trkman, P. (2014). Business model: What it is and what it is not.  Long range planning,  47(6), 379-389. Looking for an answer 'who will do my essay for cheap',

CORPORATE FINANCE - ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

CORPORATE FINANCE - ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example mpany is evident and the company has declared a relatively high dividend of 57p per share in the year 2008 which is a significant improvement as far as last 3 year dividends declared are concerned. All in all, our mathematical method of computing WACC suggests that GSK is highly inclined towards debt financing, which is a prime reason behind the increment in WACC. We also conclude the fact that floating interest rate due to the current economic condition reduces the WACC and also consider the company’s performance which reflects on the net income which ultimately reflects on the dividends declared. It is prime evidence of the fact that the management takes all necessary measures to reduce the cost of doing business which is a major consideration for any and every business. The operating, investing and financing activities of a company are very handy and useful information for the users of financial infrmation, such as creditors, investors, financial analysts, etc, because these activities change the financial position of the company. Let us now look upon some of the important activities that make some impression on GSK’s financial position. GSK’s management has adopted sound business strategies in order to ensure smooth and efficient running of its operational activities. These strategies have expanded the cash generation from operations to  £ 9,055m in the year 2008 in comparison to previous years. The reason behind this high figure of  £9,055 million are the two reclassifications; the cash generated from operations is  £106 million lower than that given in GSK’s unaudited or projected accounts issued on 5th February 2009. Also keeping in view that drop-off in liquid investments for the current year has been reclassified from financing activities to investing activities. Some accounting heads that create changes in the trade payables may have been a result of the growth of products that the company introduced. GSK management computes inventories on a

Student's Post 4 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Student's Post 4 - Research Paper Example ts of a vision statement for example correspond to Flint’s definition of a vision statement and therefore offer a basis for reliable analysis (2013). Your analysis of the business to derive its suitable mission and vision statements also identifies your competence and level of rationale. I also concur with your recommendation of a motivational leadership approach because of the organization’s competitive environment that requires empowerment and influence towards competitive advantage. You also demonstrated analytic skills in reviewing the organization’s culture (Dubrin, 2013). I like your approach to communicating the organization’s background information on a table because it simplifies the information. I however believe that analyses of the organization’s approach should have been specific to identify with the scope of the organization’s activities. Your analysis is however general. I also think that your post on the organization’s leadership, human resource management, and culture are more descriptive than analytical. Could you for example consider this approach more analytical? You begin by identifying elements of human resource management such as recruitment, selection, training and rewarding, and then comparing these elements with the organization’s approach to human resource management (Saiyadain,

Media and US Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Media and US Politics - Essay Example Just like all around the world, the readership of the print medium has been steadily declining due to the rise of the online medium. And although there are many famous broadsheets, most of these have adopted a political stance, almost making them a means of propaganda. National news wires like Reuters and the Associated Press, on the other hand, have been known (all over the world) for their wide coverage in the U.S. and around the world. This is the same for the news magazines like Newsweek and TIME. As for U.S. cinema, it has become one of the most famous media industries in the world, having had international success in merchandising and advertising. Since the media can be seen, heard, felt and known throughout many parts of a country, one can realize how much impact it has on the people. Almost everything that an average American knows comes from a major newspaper, television network or radio station and whatever is translated into such media outfits come from the reporter or journalist’s point of view. This point of view proves vital in the instances that the journalist â€Å"chooses† what qualifies as news by choosing what to write about. â€Å"Framing† also affects what the audience understands the issue at hand. Some things may not even exist for some people just because they are not aware of it. Together with profit, these media corporations also reap criticisms. Issues of media ownership, bias, extortion, professionalism, and even ethics come to mind when one talks about the media. ... Today, the difference between most newspapers is not actually the content but their vested interests and its history goes a long way. For example, Benjamin Franklin, under a pseudonym, wrote an article in a publication recommending that the government print more paper money in 1728. However, Franklin did not mention that his printing company intended to bid for the said project. Fifty years after, the U.S. Congress gave birth to media censorship with the passing of an order which basically prohibited the people from having dissenting opinion from the government. A few years later, former U.S. President Abraham Lincoln closed many newspapers on the claim that they were biased. During the time of President Richard Nixon, the media played a central role in divulging the administration's secrets. The Watergate scandal proved that the pen really is mightier than the sword. When the 1900s came, bias screamed from many newspapers, with them openly campaigning or supporting a certain politician, political view or party. Moreover, many newspapers went against each other or were used by opposing governments for propaganda. False reports also came to be as the times progressed. In 1994, the Freedom Forum conducted a survey of reporters and editors in Washington to determine their political leaning. The press people were asked outright of their political affiliation, the percentages indicate their answers: 50% Democrats, 4% Republican. Regarding ideological persuasions, 61% were liberal while a measly 2% were conservative. As for their vote in 1992, a whopping 89% voted Clinton and Bush got 7%. According to an article last year in the Washington Times, most Americans think the media is guilty of making

Proposal to use mobile application health to help or support Research

To use mobile application health to help or support disability patients in Saudi Arabia. Or how to use technology to help or support disability patients in saudi arabia - Research Proposal Example 89). These developments on the other hand require government interventions so as to be legally implemented and supported. Trying to determine how many people are disabled can be difficult because it is problematic to determine the level of disability as the means of data collection and the definition varies from country to country. Disability is a key problem for the Saudi Arabian healthcare area. Information concerning the cases and frequency of impairment, disability, and socio-demographic features of persons with disabilities are rare and inadequate since the real weight of disability is also mis-calculated. Guidelines and regulations have reinforced the equivalent privileges and rights of disabled individuals, but fruitless application of these regulations has resulted to a gap amongst the proposed goals and the real services provision. Evidently, more examination is required to plot for applicable management platforms, effective employment of basic inhibition strategies, and correct distribution of health facilities in this region. There are applications that have been made to carter for people wi th disabilities, for instance, Prologue2Go, which is a text-to-speech application that helps people with speech disabilities. Enabling disabled people to download applications to smartphones or tablet PCs means having smaller and convenient equipment to store much of what you require than having many pieces of a stand-alone-equipment (Mitchell, 2012, p. 9). This makes it more effective, efficient and, cheaper for people with disabilities to perform various tasks. Mobile technology can also help to remove the stigma in these challenged persons. Before the introduction of smart phones, disabled persons used a lot of instruments to help them in seeing. To achieve this, they needed to carry a magnifier, a money recognition device and a screen

Comparison of Two Flood Stories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparison of Two Flood Stories - Assignment Example It is worth mentioning that â€Å"The Flood of Noah† is the older story of the Bible, wherein all manhood got destroyed by the flood except the family of Noah. On the other hand, in case of â€Å"The Flood of Gilgamesh†, all mankind of the civilization got destroyed excluding the family of Utnapishtim (Lorey, â€Å"The Flood of Noah and the Flood of Gilgamesh†). Noah was quite spiritual in nature and he lived with his family. When the age of Noah was 500 years, the God said him to make an ark for his family. God also said Noah that after 120 years, a flood will occur, which will destroy the entire mankind and give him instruction to live in the ark with his family. Later, the flood took place, which continued for forty days. Notably, Noah along with his family stayed in the ark for full one year. After the completion of one year, when Noah found a land and left the ark, God blessed him and his family with the power of immortality (Davidson 49-77). With regards to the story of â€Å"The Flood of Gilgamesh†, Gilgamesh was the king of Samaria. The Sumerian hero journeyed the whole world and met an old man named Utnapishtim. The Utnapishtim told Gilgamesh about the disaster flood story of the Sumerian civilization. The flood took place for six days, which was a short duration, but resulted in destroying the entire civilization (Davidson 49-77). Identifiably, there lay certain differences between the above discussed two flood stories. In this context, the announcement of Noah’s flood was made by the God directly, but in relation to the case of Gilgamesh flood story, the announcement came from God via dream. The cause behind the flood of Noah was the increasing mischievousness of the people, however, in case of Gilgamesh, the reason was man’s sins. The landing space of the ark in Noah was Mountain Ararat and the landing spot of the boat in Gilgamesh was Mountain Nisir (Lorey, â€Å"The Flood of Noah and the Fl ood of Gilgamesh†). Apart from the above identified

Aspergers syndrome (autism) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Aspergers syndrome (autism) - Research Paper Example Asperger Syndrome (AS) is an  autism spectrum  disorder that is characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. It differs from other autism spectrum disorders by its relative preservation of  linguistic  and  cognitive development. It is a neurological disorder that can impair communication, socialization and behavior.   Symptom severity can range from mild to severe. For example, one child may intensely flap their arms to show excitement, another may display a smile under the same set of circumstances, while another child may sit in the corner and rock, leading the observer to believe that they may be incapable of showing or feeling emotion. It can become an overshadowing factor in every aspect of life, including education, establishing and maintaining relationships, responding to pain and discomfort, and even in the ability to express emotion. Out of every 10,000 children, Asperge r Syndrome is found in between 20 to 25 children, while Autism is only found in 4 out of 10,000 children, thus making Asperger Syndrome more common than autism (Fine, 2004).  Ã‚  Asperger Syndrome is diagnosed more frequently in males than females by a 4:1 margin (Fine, 2004). Asperger syndrome treatment attempts to manage distressing symptoms and to teach age-appropriate social, communication and vocational skills that are not naturally acquired during development  with intervention tailored to the needs of the individual based on multidisciplinary assessment. Thus, education is the primary form of treatment for this mysterious condition. This means that there are important responsibilities on schools, teachers and children's parents, as well as the other professionals who work with children with autism. Treatment Therapies for Autistic Children The training of  social skills  for more effective interpersonal interactions, Cognitive behavioral therapy  to improve  stres s management  relating to anxiety or explosive emotions, and to cut back on obsessive interests and repetitive routines, Medication, for coexisting conditions such as major depressive disorder and  anxiety disorder, Occupational  or  physical therapy  to assist with poor  sensory integration  and  motor coordination, Social communication  intervention, which is specialized  speech therapy  to help with the  pragmatics  of the give and take of normal conversation, The training and support of parents, particularly in behavioral techniques to use in the home. Classroom Issues Students with Asperger Syndrome have difficulties adjusting to different environments.  Ã‚  Many problems that students with Asperger Syndrome have in the classroom are the outcome of unanticipated alterations.  Ã‚  Changes that affect schedule, seating, activities, and teachers, may result in distress for the child.  Ã‚  Having to travel to different classrooms throughout the day, a factor in middle and high school, may affect the child greatly, mostly causing

Marketing Consultancy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Consultancy - Assignment Example The target audience is the police in the UK and more precisely, the Metropolitan Police department. The DeltaNu Reporter seems not to be a threat to the company and its not affecting the performance of the company. For the products, they pass through five stages in the life cycle of the product along with the test market phase. First the test market is conducted and then it passes through introduction, growth, maturity, and decline and saturation stage (Smallwood, n.d.). Analytik is operating in UK and Ireland and requires following the procedures of the Minister of Defense (MOD) of UK. The political environment is very important as the rules and regulations regarding the trade practice are decided by the political party in power. It may create favourable or unfavourable situations for the business. Looking at the threat levels toward the nation the policy are framed which is in favour of the products of Analytik. The current recession had hit hard globally and UK was also hit by the financial crises. This forced the government to reduce down the cost or expenditure in the public departments. The effects are directly towards the products procurements. But the economy is regaining back to its normal state of affairs and there is a better future prospect of the product to grow in this segment. The UK government is more focused upon the safety and security measures for maintaining peace. The increased risk of terrorism had resulted in security issues. The product of Analytik like ReporteR is in need for such safety measures. It helps the police department in preventing both narcotics and explosives entry to UK. The government as well as the society wants a peaceful social life. Technology is vital for any product development which provides an enhanced quality product to the market. The police departments are using better technology but due to the financial budget constraints, it restricts to acquire more developed equipments. Technological advancement adds

Wonders of Nature and the Operations of Creatures Essay Example for Free

Wonders of Nature and the Operations of Creatures Essay This essay will attempt to differentiate natural wonders that occur in the world, from what is described as miracles. It will also explore events classified as miracles, and examine whether miracles must have an immediate benefit, or if natural disasters can in some way, be defined as miracles as their consequences can fulfill the criteria for the purposes of miracles. This essay will not be questioning the existence of miracles as, for the purpose of this essay, they do. First one must seek to define what the different terms in the title are, by looking at how different philosophers and theologians have described them. David Hume, on miracles, seems to argue that there are indeed extraordinary events that occur, but they cannot justifiably be called miracles. The next term needing examination is â€Å"wonders of nature†. Science has shown us that nature is not a series of random events, and that it is governed by laws which make it in some way predictable; the law of gravity for example, which keeps the world revolving around the sun. The last term to be defined is, â€Å"operations of creatures†. This is not just the operation of living things. It can be applied to beings as small as atoms, or intangible concepts such as time. It is the operations of creatures that are often confused with miracles when they are coincidence. After clarifying what the question is looking for, this essay will look at examples of miraculous events and analyse them with focus on God’s being, particularly their role in revealing God’s being to creatures. Mary Hesse’ article, Miracles and the Laws of Nature, begins with a discussion of how the term miracle is applied in today’s society; â€Å"Someone may say ‘his recovery was a miracle’, or, ‘It was a miracle that a serious accident was avoided’†.[1] Whilst Hesse disregards this as likely not to be a divinely inspired, she goes onto talk about how, the conventional definition of a miracle, something that is a violation or turn against the natural order, is not so surprising, as we live in such a complicated world. Miracles are seen to be violations of the natural order, and examples can be found all over the world, in ancient and modern history. The most common examples in the Western world can be found in the Bible, in both the Old and New Testament, which reveal God’s being, whether it is God’s direct action or God working through another being to create a miraculous event. This is what natural theology argues is the miracle’s being: to in some way reveal God, or to impart knowledge of some kind to someone. This can be seen in examples found in the Bible; the story of the burning bush, found in Exodus, where God imparted knowledge if himself to Moses, with both the great â€Å"I Am†, and in his plans to free the Israelites from Egypt. However, it is here that Hume draws his first criticism, questioning the validity of those that witness or experience the miracle: â€Å"We cannot trust that those who testify to miraculous events occurring are not being deceived, deluded or even lying. Also Humans are naturally drawn towards the miraculous, and love being dazzled by the mysterious, and they can often form unreasonable beliefs on the basis of these experiences, which should not trusted.†[2] Hume was traditionally an empiricist, and believed that for the claims of a miracle to be true it must reflect the experiences we already have learnt from. Because of this Hume would doubt the miraculous event of Jesus Christ, when he rose from the dead, as there is no experience on earth, other than this, that one can look to for a confirmation that such a thing is possible. Hume then assumes that such events are born from either delusion, or from people lying, for whatever motive. However scholars are often split in their opinion of Hume’s position on miracles, as it is possible to take his work as an argument against the possibility of miracles. Yet it is also possible to argue that Hume did believe that miraculous events could occur, however, as the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy writes: â€Å"only that justified belief in a miracle on the basis of testimony (may be) impossible.†[3] Hume was not alone in writing against the testimonies of people through history, as Wittgenstein writes: â€Å" A miracle is, as it were, a gesture which God makes. As a man sits quietly then makes an impressive gesture, God lets the world run on smoothly then accompanies the words of a saint by a symbolic occurrence, a gesture of nature, it would be an instance if, when a saint has spoken, the trees around him bowed, as if in reverence. – Now do I believe this happens? I don’t.†[4] Here Wittgenstein, whilst he says that he does not believe that miracles, as he believes they are defined, actually occur, he adds to the definition of what a miraculous event is with natural theology. Wittgenstein does not deny the possibility for them to be real, only that he is yet to be â€Å"impressed† by an event, as he does not find reports of such events enough to believe in them. The operations of creatures are often called miraculous, particularly when the scale of the event is massive, for example, the smallest of atoms have been seen to produce the hugest explosions. However, whether these are miracles or not is something to be debated. Certainly, when such events occur that goes against what is considered the normal flow of life, it is curious enough for one to refer to it as a miraculous event. However, this alone does not make such an event a miracle within natural theology. This is something that theologians, when writing about miracles, often draw their attention to first. Hesse writes that such events, which violate the laws of the natural order, but do not contain the same meaningfulness as what theists might define as miracles, are â€Å"the pointless demonstrations of a wonder-worker or magician†[5]. However, Hesse does not go any further with this classification, stating that such miracles contain qualities which also put them in the category of coincidence, or of divine purpose. The role of a miracle is to draw people to God, or to reveal his being in one form or another to mankind, and if that is so then something seemingly miraculous may be just coincidence. C.S. Lewis describes miracles as â€Å"an interference with nature by supernatural power†[6]. By this Lewis means that it could be nature itself performing these events, or it could be a divine being, â€Å"interfering† with the natural order. When Lewis talks about nature being the interfering party, he does not mean nature as an intelligent being, but he means from the naturalist’s belief, there is nothing else but nature. From this one could then argue that miracles are just coincidence. Miracles have been used by Jesus and by his apostles after his ascension to spread Christ’s message, an example of this is the miraculous event at Pentecost: â€Å"On the day of Pentecost all the Lord’s followers were together in one place. Suddenly there was a noise from heaven like the sound of a mighty wind. It filled the house where they were meeting. Then they saw what looked like fiery tongues moving in all directions, and a tongue came and settled on each person there. The Holy Spirit took control of everyone, and they began speaking whatever languages the Spirit let them speak.†[7] This event can be called a miracle because it a purposeful act by The Holy Spirit, which enabled the apostles to talk in the different languages that they required to go out and spread their beliefs, something that is a demonstration of God’s being, as it is a revelation of his will. This event is also a demonstration of knowledge. In the event of Pentecost, we see the knowledge of language to the apostles, and as said above, an imparting of God’s intention. Michal Goodich supports this belief of the role of miracles in his book, Miracles and Wonders, in which he says: â€Å"The ultimate aim is to console and bring the faithful closer to God or to confound the nonbeliever or heretic.†[8] Goodich talks about one of the purposes of miracles here is to â€Å"bring the faithful closer to God†, which is very much a role that miracles fulfill, and this can be seen in examples from biblical passages such as the conversion of Saul, who became Paul, when God appeared to him, and he temporarily lost his sight. Paul, who was famous for his persecution of the early Christians went on to become one of the founding members of the church, and the New Testament contains some of his letters and his book â€Å"Acts of the Apostles†. This is an example of a miraculous event bringing people closer to God. It is clear that in the world, events occur that seem to be violations of the natural order. For many of these events, science has been able to explain why they happened, and for the majority of the oddities in the world they do not appear to serve any real purpose. However, there are examples in both ancient and modern times of events that, whilst they are violations of the nature order of the world, it is clear that they are not just random events, and that they were caused by a supernatural being, and they are for a purpose. The miracles worked by our Lord Jesus Christ, St. Augustine writes, are divine works which raise the human mind above visible things to understand what is divine[9]. This writing by Augustine also highlights another unique property that miracles possess, which can be difficult to find in other events, that is that miracles have a tendency to inspire change, and a renewed sense of God, even centuries after the actual event, as examples from the very earliest writing of the Bible still have said effects today. However, in today’s society with such a vast mix of belief systems and scientific explanations, it is incredibly difficult to distinguish between the wonders of nature and supernaturally inspired events. Even a brief study of any natural disaster in recent history will reveal mixes of opinions by both those directly affected by it and those who saw it through the media. For example, the recent earthquake in Haiti, where an already poverty stricken county is further devastated. Interviews shown on the media of those who suffered directly show that they believe this to be an act of God, and that it has only increased their faith and brought their families closer together. Yet there are opinions of those who have not suffered because of the event and yet question where is God in such a time, finding it hard to believe such an event of massive devastation can have positive outcomes. The grandfather of a 15 day old baby surviving 7 days buried in the rubble of her house was quoted by The Times saying, This wasnt the way Jesus wanted the baby to die. Everybody knew the baby was dead, except the Lord.[10] Overall, distinctions can be drawn between wonders of nature and operations of creatures, and miraculous events. It is said that miracles, in the traditional sense are literally violations of the laws of nature. That is, they defy what science believes is our understanding of the world. This is an a posteriori argument; our experience reveals what miracles are, as they are not something that can happen according to our knowledge of the mechanisms of the world. Richard Swinburne, in his article Violation of a Law of Nature, questions if such a term is applicable to events that seem less than ordinary: â€Å"I think that those who, like Hume, have used this or a similar expression have intended to mean by it an occurrence of a non-repeatable counter-instance to a law of nature†¦ But if we have good reason to believe that they have occurred and good reason to believe similar events would occur in similar circumstances, then undoubtedly we have good reason to believe that the formulae which we previously believed to be the laws of nature were not in fact such laws.†[11] Swinburne argues that events that are sometimes, possibly because of their outcomes or because of the number of those affected, deemed miraculous by people who have reason to believe it has religious significance, so therefore he concludes â€Å"miracles are events with a point in the overall scheme of things, and in a sense are very much regular† as Swinburne comments.[12] This points to the original issue that miracles, in comparison to the wonders of nature, depend upon personal opinions. It is clear if one believes a miracle to be a seemingly impossible event based on our experience of the laws of nature, then yes they can be distinguished from the wonders of nature, however, if one believes it to be any event, which holds religious significance, then it would be nigh impossible to distinguish miracles.

Transgenderism and homosexuality in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq Essay Example for Free

Transgenderism and homosexuality in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq Essay Introduction In this paper I will address the issues of transgenderism and homosexuality. These issues are quite controversial and attitude to them is different in different countries of the world. It should be mentioned that attitude to sexual minorities is different in different countries of the world and varied though time. Brief Outline of the Homosexual and Transgender Issues The first question under discussion is the homosexual relations. We can observe a great number of laws, intended to regulate the relations between people of the same sex. In some countries this is considered quite acceptable. People of the same sex are even allowed to marry legally and even adopt children. In the other communities the attitude to the same-sex relations is completely different and homosexuals can even be punished with the death penalty for their homosexual conduct. The fist laws on same-sex relations date back to 600 BC in ancient Crete and Sparta. These were the first laws allowing adult men to participate in the same sex relations (Rothblatt, 1995). In the majority of the Western cultures same-sex relations are tolerated and calling a person a gay or a lesbian can be considered even sufficient enough for a libel lawsuit, like this happened in case of Jason Donovan and Liberace, who won the case against the newspaper calling them gays (Rothblatt, 1995). However, we can’t say that homosexual relations are always tolerated. The first laws against same-sex relations date back to 550 BC, when homosexuals were called Leviticus and punished with the death penalty. Many scholars attribute this difference in attitudes to a distinction between Judaism and Paganism. Pagan religions usually consider same-sex relations to be normal, while Judaism, Christianity and Islam blame people for the same-sex relations. One more issue under discussion in this paper is transgenderism, which can be briefly defined as a social movement, which is intended to support transgender rights and raise self-esteem of transgender people. One more definition, which I’d like to mention, is the one proposed by Martine Rothblatt in her book â€Å"Apartheid of Sex†, where she defines â€Å"transgenderism as a grassroots political movement seeking transgender rights and affirming transgender pride† (Rothblatt, 1995). On the other hand, transgenderism, is usually used to denote a phenomenon of gender identity disorder. This definition is supported by the International Journal of Transgenderism. Transsexualism is also a subject matter of the study in this paper. It is usually defined as a condition, when individuals identify themselves with the physical sex different from the one of their birth. After the sexual revolution in Western Europe, which took place in the end of 20th century transsexualism became a recognized notion, however, in many other countries of the world it is still a taboo due to the religious and cultural norms accepted in the definite country (Lang, 1997). Quite close to the notion of transsexualism is the notion of transvestism, which is defined as a practice of cross-dressing, when a person wears the cloths of the opposite sex and thus associates him/herself with the individual of the opposite sex. Transgenderism and Homosexuality in the Middle East It should be mentioned that attitude to homosexuals, transgender people and transvestites differ from country to country. While the attitude to them in the West European cultures is quite moderate, Eastern cultures usually do not accept them. This is greatly due to the great influence of religion on the lives of all people. Islam has stricter rules concerning the sexual life of individuals be it people with traditional sexual orientation, transgender people or homosexuals. A lot depends also on the position of the government and their attitude to sexual minorities. The issues of transgenderism and homosexuality are quite different, which leads even to different attitudes towards them based on the Quran interpretation. The Quran considers â€Å"approaching males in lust, as well as the castration of males, as the sin of the people of Lot† (Quran 7:81, 26:165-166, 27:55, 29:28-29). On the other hand it’s quite acceptable under the Quran to use as passive sex partners the ancient category of men who by nature lacked desire for women, since such men were not considered â€Å"male† due to the fact that they lacked of arousal for women. These kinds of men are often known as â€Å"gays† today, but in the ancient world they were identified as anatomically whole â€Å"natural eunuchs† (Malik, 2007). Also these men, who lack arousal for women, are called â€Å"ghair oolaa il-irbati min ar-rijaali† (Quran:24:31) which translates as â€Å"without the defining skill of males† (Malik, 2007). These men are by Islam allowed to see woman naked. Islam is extremely against a man seeing any part of a woman if they are not directly related or wed, to the extent where, in some translations, the woman has to even cover her hair with a scarf. This only proves the fact that Islam doesn’t consider these individuals as me. They belong to their own category, which is not is not regulated by the rules of the Quran. The reason of intolerable attitude of the Quran to homosexual relations lies in the interpretation of marriage. Muslim people strongly believe in heterosexual marriage, and do not accept sexual activity before marriage between a man and woman. Since there can’t be any marriage between the persons belonging to the same sex, sexual relations between a man and man or woman and woman are also prohibited. As a result many Muslim Middle Eastern nations consider LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) issues as a crime which is punished by fines or by imprisonment. In some countries homosexuality is even punished by the death penalty. Examples of such countries are Afghanistan, Iran, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Yemen (Brown, 2005). Some researchers explain why nations of the Middle East do not accept sexual minorities in the following way: â€Å"many Middle Eastern nations did not gain full independence until the 1960’s—1970’s and those nations that were unified and independent were focused on foreign policy conflicts and economic development†. (Brown, 2005). Moreover, â€Å"most Middle Eastern nations were authoritarian regimes based on Islamic fundamentalism. Thus gay citizens had little or no free democratic institutions to openly influence public policy. Political parties or organized were prohibited. ‘Moderate’ nations that allowed for some degree of political and social freedom never extended to any challenge to the laws and opinion regarding sexual orientation† (Brown, 2005). In this paper I will consider in more detail the issues associated with homosexuality and transgenderism in four countries of the Middle East, namely Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq. Transgender and Homosexual Issues in Kuwait The fist country, which I will analyze in regard with its attitude to LGBT issues, is Kuwait. It should be mentioned that the attitude of Kuwaiti people towards sexual minorities is generally shaped by Islam and the government. Kuwait is 85  % Muslim (Central Intelligence Agency, 2007). As it was already mentioned Islam does not tolerate homosexuality and in some cases transgenderism is associated as homosexual behavior as well. The other factor, which influences the attitude to LGBTs, is the government. Kuwait is a constitutional emirate, (Central Intelligence Agency, 2007) functioning under authoritative document that contains all the laws determining the operations and limits of that government. Also, the Kuwaiti government is a government where power and the final word belongs to the emir ( roughly translated as prince, but means the ruler of the state). Furthermore, the legal system is a civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters(Central Intelligence Agency, 2007). This technically means that Islamic laws would interfere with personal issues such as a person’s sexual orientation. Homosexuality in Kuwait is illegal and punished (International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, 2002). An example of such an incident where homosexuality was punished and discriminated against occurred in February 2005, where the police charged a group of 28 alleged homosexuals with creating a public disturbance after they met outside a fast-food restaurant. On October 27, police raided a party where homosexuals were allegedly celebrating a wedding. On December 10, the legislative committee of the National Assembly unanimously approved a law to impose a fine of $3,450 (1,000 dinars) and/or one year’s imprisonment for those imitating the opposite sex (Reports and Musings from the Veteran Gay and AIDS Human Rights Advocate, 2007). In the case of transgender, however, the attitude is a bit milder. Thus, the legal stand is that it is appropriate to treat transgender people medically if it possible. But in some cases the problem of a transgender person is simply denied. The Kuwaiti court recently had a case where a 25 year old man who underwent a sex change operation wanted to be regarded as a woman. This ruling was overturned by the court under the belief that God decides gender and humans have no right to change it. â€Å"Ahmed is still a man, and the operation he had does not change the way he was created, even if it changed the way he looks to others†, said Mohammed al-Tabtabai, the dean of Kuwaits Sharia College (Kuwait: transsexual fighting for recognition, 2004) Transgenderism is still unclear and uncertain when it comes to the law and the government, in society, however, it is clearly unaccepted. An example of this can be seen from an interview with a cross dressing kuwaiti male. In reference to his family, this cross dressing kuwaiti male says that, â€Å"They (his parents) tolerated me as a child, thinking it was a result of growing up in an all-girls family. Eventually as I got older, they kicked me out of the house, but agreed to pay for my education abroad. They said what I’m doing is extremely shameful, and while they love and care about me, they can no longer be seen with me. They don’t like the embarrassment. I left right away, it was very hurtful. I was very dependent on my mother. I was also hurt because my sisters didn’t help me when I thought they would. They are also embarrassed with me because students used to make fun of them at school, when they would pick me up from class† (Interview with a Kuwaiti transsexual, 2007). Furthermore, in reference to teachers, he said â€Å"They never helped me when others teased me. They treated me like I was a mentally ill child whenever I’d request their help. I would play with the girls in the playground and the girls used to complain that it’s a â€Å"just for girls† game. Teachers would pick me up and throw me out† (Interview with a Kuwaiti transsexual, 2007). Finally, In reference to his peers, they were the harshest. He stated â€Å"I wish it was just teasing. I was beaten and very humiliated. After I came home with a broken arm and nose, it was too dangerous for me to go to public school, so my parents forced me to switch to home schooling† (Interview with a Kuwaiti transsexual, 2007). Although they are treated badly by society and the government, homosexuals and transsexuals actually take a stand and fight for their rights. Kuwaiti transsexuals and homosexuals have applied for a permit to form their own association. They are hoping to get some protection from Kuwait law especially after the Kuwaiti parliament (Majles al Umma) decreed laws that criminalize changing to the `third sex.` (Improvisations: Arab Woman Progressive Voice, 2007) Transgender and Homosexual Issues in Saudi Arabia The other country under discussion is Saudi Arabia, which is 100  % Muslim. Its government type is a monarchy, under which all the power belongs to the monarch who controls the entire state. This monarchy is very strict and very harsh. Furthermore, the legal system in Saudi Arabia is based on the Sharia law, which is all based on a very strict version of Islam (Central Intelligence Agency, 2007). Saudi Arabia takes Islam to the extreme, to the point where the position of a woman is almost illegal. They are not allowed to walk out of the house without covering up, so one can only imagine the lack of tolerance Saudi Arabia would have for homosexuals. Homosexuality is severely punished, in some cases even with the death penalty. Moreover, the death penalty is carried out in a barbaric manner. In Saudi Arabia it is still accepted to stone homosexuals to death. An example of such a barbaric incidence occurred 7 years ago when the Saudi government imprisoned nine Saudi men and lashed them for engaging in cross-dressing and homosexual acts. Moreover, they executed three Yemeni male workers for homosexuality and child molestation. In addition, in April 2005, the government imprisoned a hundred men because they were at a private party that was most probably a same-sex wedding ceremony or a birthday party. Yet, not long after a gay foreign couple was sentenced to death for homosexuality and allegedly killing a man who was blackmailing them for homosexuality (Reports, stories and information for gay men in Saudi Arabia, 2007).   The other accident of the death penalty for homosexual behavior happened in 1996, when one Saudi man was beheaded for homosexual behavior (Gay Marriage†¦in Saudi Arabia? 2007). The attitude to transgenderism in Saudi Arabia is a bit different. The government also does not tolerate it, however, permits surgery for intersex people in case it is proven that this is a mental disorder. â€Å"Saudi Arabia does not allow surgery for transsexuals, but permits operations on people with an intersex condition† (Usher, 2007). An extreme example of such surgeries took place to five sisters who wanted to change their sex to male. The doctor carrying out the surgery stressed that he just made â€Å"gender correction† rather than sex change operations. This doctor, Dr Jamal has preformed has performed over 200 sex change operations. However, as he states most of the operations were performed were on androgynous babies. Saudi Arabian, Dr Jamal, emphasized that these five girls were actually inter-sexed, and he would never perform surgery on people with normal genitalia but wanted to belong to the opposite sex, because as he states â€Å"Islam did not allow people to change what God had created† (Usher, 2007). Transvestism is severely punished. For example, Saudi man was given 200 lashes and 6 months in prison for cross dressing at a wedding party (Saudis Arrest 5 Pakistani TGs, 1998). Transgender and Homosexual Issues in Iran The other country, which is would like to describe regarding its attitude to LGBT issues, is Iran. The attitude to sexual minorities here is ambiguous. On the one hand homosexuality is punished by death; on the other hand, Iran is the country, which legally performs sex change operations in the word. Iran is 98  % Muslim (Central Intelligence Agency, 2007). Its legal system is based on Sharia law, and its government is a theocratic republic, which is a form of government controlled by religious authority. Moreover, there is a Deity who is considered the supreme civil ruler, and his laws interpreted by the mullahs (Central Intelligence Agency, 2007) Basically Iran is an extremely Muslim state, which explains completely the intolerable attitude of people and government to homosexuality. â€Å"All sexual relations that occur outside of a traditional, heterosexual marriage (i.e. sodomy or adultery) are illegal and no legal distinction is made between consensual or non-consensual sexual activity. Homosexual relations that occur between consenting adults in private are a crime and carry a maximum punishment of death† (LGBT Rights in Iran, 2007). In addition, there are no civil rights legislation that exist in that disallow discrimination against homosexuals, and only negative depictions of homosexuality are allowed in the press. The concept of sexual orientation is not recognized in Iran, nor does the judiciary acknowledge the existence of LGBT people and instead believes that all people are normally heterosexual. Thus, they claim that `homosexuality is a violation of the supreme will of their God. As a result, no laws exist that protect LGBT Iranians from discrimination, harassment, or bias-motivated violence, and as a theocratic political system, no such laws are permitted to exist. Most Iranian LGBT people remain in the closet about their sexual orientation for fear of being the victims of discrimination, hate crimes, government sanctions, corporal punishment, and/or capital punishment. Male homosexuality is a crime punished by death, The way they are killed is usually barbaric, but ultimately decided by the Sharia judge. All homosexuals are punished by death unless they are not sane or are not adult. Juveniles who are accused and proved to have engaged in homosexual behavior are punishment with 74 lashes. (Articles 108 to 113) This is proved by confession or by the testimony of four righteous men only and not women. Different homosexuals acts have different levels of punishment. For instance â€Å"Tafhiz†, which is the rubbing of the thighs or buttocks, done by two men is punished with 100 lashes. If this act is repeated four times then they will be punished with the death penalty. (Articles 121 and 122). Furthermore If two men simply stand naked under one cover together without touching or anything, they are punished with up to 99 lashes. If one man kisses another in a sexual way they are punishment with 60 lashes. (Articles 123 and 124). As for adolescents, in 2007 two teenagers have been executed for homosexual behavior, (LGBT Rights in Iran, 2007) even is this goes against the law stated earlier. Female homosexuality is punished less severely. Thus, women are usually punished with 100 lashes. However if the act is repeated more than three times then they will be punished with death. Women who stand naked under one cover without touching or any farther acts of lust and are not relatives are punished with 100 lashes. (Article 134)` (LGBT Rights in Iran, 2007). Real life examples that occurred in Iran of punishing homosexual behavior according to The Boroumand Foundation exceed 107 executions between 1979 and 1990. Moreover according to Amnesty International, at least 5 people convicted of `homosexual tendencies`, three men and two women, were executed in January 1990, as a result of the Iranian governments policy of calling for the execution of those who practice homosexuality. However, transsexuals are considered completely normal, greatly due to the fact that since 1980s transexuality is considered an illness that can be corrected by surgery (LGBT Rights in Iran, 2007). Iran has between 15,000 and 20,000 transsexuals, according to official statistics. In addition Iran has more sex change operations than any country in the world next to Thailand. These operations have been legal since Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, leader of the Islamic revolution, passed a fatwa legalizing them nearly 25 years ago, under the fact that the Quran says nothing about sex change operations for those who need them. Transsexuality is considered an illness, while an operation is the cure. Furthermore, not only does the government allow sex change operations, they fund it as well as the hormone therapy needed. An example of a transgendered person in Iran Mahyar. As a small child Mahyar liked dressing up in womens clothes and playing with make-up. This obsession did not die, in fact it only increased over time, and as she got older she stated that `I badly needed to do it but it had to be in secret,` and now she wants to have a sex-change operation. Transgender and Homosexual Issues in Iraq Finally, I’d like to discuss one more country – Iraq. It should be mentioned that homosexuality was considered legal in Iraq under Saddam Hussein until late 2001. However, later the attitude towards it changed and became stricter due to the pressure from religious conservatives. Under the law passed in 2001 homosexuality was punished by imprisonment, and repeated convictions were defined to be punishable even by death. However, there were still no cases when homosexuals were punished with the death penalty. Hussein did not consider homosexuality to be a crime due to the fact that it was against the Secular Socialist beliefs of the Baath Party. Now the legal status of homosexuality is still a matter of severe dispute. Thus, we can see that homosexuality is not illegal in Iraq de jure, but still remains a taboo (Brown, 2005) The legal basis of Iraq concerning homosexual and transgender issues is quite controversial. On the one hand Iraq does not have a definite criminal or penal code concerning these issues. On the other hand this does not mean that sexual minorities have the same rights as people with traditional sexual orientation. This controversy arises from the inner controversy in the country. Thus, Iraq was a secular socialist dictatorship, but its life is generally ruled by the fundamentalist Islam. One prove of the intolerable attitude of the public towards sexual minorities can be seen in the event, which took place in 1993. Then Iraq’s United Nations representatives opposed the International Lesbian Gay Associations application, when the latter tried to apply for consultative status as a non-governmental organization. The explanation of this act was simple: â€Å"based on our firm belief that the work of this organization runs counter to the beliefs of all divine religions.† (Brown, 2005). Conclusions So, as we can see the attitude to sexual minorities in Iraq is milder than in the other countries of the Middle East but still it is quite severe if compared with the Western Europe. Still the problem of treating homosexual and transgender issues exists. This is greatly because of the strong influence of the religion on the public and political life of the country. As Islam is quite a strict religion concerning the sexual life of the people, it makes the situation of the sexual minorities really hard. However, as we can see little by little homosexuals and transgender people still gain their rights and probably in the future their position in the Middle East will not be that dangerous. References Brown, Edward TJ. (2005). Iraq: Sexual Orientation, Human Rights and the Law. Online. Available from: http://www.sodomylaws.org/world/iraq/iqnews003.htm 30 November 2007.    Central intelligence agency. The world factbook. Online. Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ku.html#People 30 November 2007. Improvisations: Arab Woman Progressive Voice. News and Commentary on Arab Women, Palestine, Cultural Politics, and Everything in Between. Online. Available from: http://arabwomanprogressivevoice.blogspot.com/2007/09/kuwaiti-boyaats-seek-to-unite.html 30 November 2007. International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (2002). Kuwait. Status of Sexual Minorities. Amnesty International Report. Middle East and North Africa. Interview with a Kuwaiti transsexual. Online. Available from: http://www.mideastyouth.com/2007/07/21/interview-with-a-kuwaiti-transsexual 30 November 2007. Kuwait: transsexual fighting for recognition. (2004). Online. Available from: http://mostlyafrica.blogspot.com/2004/11/kuwait-transsexual-fighting-for.html 30 November 2007. Lang, Sabine. (1997). Two-Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality. University of Illinois Press. LGBT Rights in Iran. Online. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran#_note-7 30 December 2007. Malik, Faris. Queer Sexuality and Identity in the Quran and Hadith. Online. Available from: http://www.well.com/user/aquarius/Qurannotes.htm 30 December 2007. Reports and Musings from the Veteran Gay and AIDS Human Rights Advocate. Online. Available from: http://mpetrelis.blogspot.com/ 30 November 2007. Reports, stories and information for gay men in Saudi Arabia Online. Available from: http://www.gaymiddleeast/country/saudiarabia 30 November 2007. Rothblatt, Martine (1995). Apartheid of Sex. Westview Press. Saudis Arrest 5 Pakistani TGs. (1998). PlanetOut Corporation. Usher, Sebastian. Gender correction for Saudi girls. Online. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3814041.stm 30 November 2007.

Marxist Framework of Poverty in the UK

Marxist Framework of Poverty in the UK Poverty is generally understood to mean a condition in which people are deprived in some way, such that they lack the basic requirements for sustaining well-being, and ultimately, life. These basic requirements are understood as such things as food, water, shelter (as may be understood, for example, in a developing country context) or access to education or political power (as might be understood, for example, in the context of a developed nation). Poverty is an absolute within itself, as people are termed to be in poverty, but poverty can also be understood in relative terms, when, for example, poverty of different resources is considered: poverty of education is obviously not as fundamental a level of poverty as poverty of food, for example, as, obviously, without food, a person would die, but a person can manage to live without education, even if this would mean a life of continuing poverty, through lack of opportunity. Poverty can be measured in many different ways, and indeed, there are many indicators of poverty, which are used to assess year-on-year changes in poverty. Obviously, as with definitions of poverty, measurements of poverty are relative, with different measures being used in developed vs. developing nations, for example, or between nations of the developed, or developing, world. In general, one overall measure of poverty which has gained ground in recent years is the income inequality scale, which shows that income inequality has, recently, worldwide, become less of a problem, with the world becoming more equitable in terms of income levels across the world’s nations. This does not belittle the problems of poverty, however, as poverty is still a major issue that the world has yet to deal with in a satisfactory manner. As with the definitions and measurement of poverty, the causes of poverty are many and varied, with environmental and geographical factors creating poverty in many developing countries, and with disease and lack of natural resources also causing poverty in these regions. Indeed, it is difficult to attribute one cause to poverty in any situation, especially poverty in developing countries. In developed nations, however, poverty is perhaps best understood as a product of society’s failure to act to avoid the situation, and, as such, policies are in place to prevent poverty in these situations[1]. It is a moot point, however, amongst politicians, social workers and philanthropists as to how far policies can actually prevent poverty, and, indeed, some people suggest that current policies do not go far enough to act to prevent poverty. The effects of poverty are, again, many and varied, with poverty leading, ultimately, to death, in many developing nations, and with poverty leading to lack of opportunity and social exclusion in developed nations. In developed nations, policies are in place to avoid such poverty, such as subsidised housing, education and health care[2], although these are not always effective, as we have seen, leading to undesirable effects, such as crime (Jones, 2001; Muncie, 2004). It is hypothesised, for example, that in extreme poverty situations, people turn to crime in order to provide basic necessities, and this has been supported by much original research on the subject (see Muncie, 2004). The next section of the paper will look at levels of poverty in the UK, and following this, the paper will then proceed to assess poverty in the UK from a Marxist viewpoint. Poverty in the UK is still at shockingly high levels, with the problem seeming, on the face of it, to be mainly caused by low pay levels; indeed, it is suggested by recent research that in low-income households, both members of the family need to work in order for the family to earn enough to cover basic expenses[3], and that, of these low income families, many are at a disadvantage in terms of receiving health care and the achievement of minimum educational standards. It seems, also, that this trend, rather than decreasing, is actually increasing, with the number of families claiming children’s tax credits increasing year-on-year and the proportion of workers classed as ‘low paid’ increasing year-on-year[4]. It is shocking, therefore, to see that much of the UK, and a large proportion of the children living in the UK, live in poverty. This is despite the fact that policies have been in place for many decades to try to curtail, and avoid altogether, the issue of poverty. As we have seen, however, these policies are often not effective, and can take years to come to fruition, by which time a new generation of infants have grown up in poverty, leading to what is known as ‘the poverty trap’. We have seen, therefore, how successive UK governments have attempted to deal with the issue of poverty: by creating policies to deal with each ‘strand’ of poverty individually, and not attacking the whole problem of poverty as a whole. This leads on to thinking about how Marxists understand poverty, which is essentially in a more holistic, if idealistic, manner. Marxists do not make any distinction between class, poverty and disadvantage; for Marxists, members of any class, they argue, can fall into poverty through unemployment, for example, and that, as such, ‘the poor’ can be best be viewed as part of a continuum from those in society who have a lot of material wealth to those who do not. This definition using the idea of a continuum, however, stands in direct contrast to the situation of class inequality which, obviously, Marxists attempt to fight against by their calls for equality in society, for all. Perhaps the issue of poverty can be best understood in terms of the dependency theory of Marxists: this theory suggest, essentially, that lifting the poor out of poverty is not enough, they need to be given tools to be able to sustain themselves out of poverty. True Marxists would add that this can never be achieved under a capitalist system, as this system is built to achieve successes at the expense of the failure of others; as such, poverty is a consequence of the capitalist system, and something which Marxists fight against, in their search for equality, or, rather, in terms of poverty, in their quest for a situation in which underdevelopment is not an option. Assessing poverty in terms of a purely socio-political approach as we have done, and then within the framework of Marxism as we have also attempted, provides two different frameworks with which to understand the issue of poverty. One framework aims to treat poverty as something that can be solved by implementing policies and by watching those policies take effect, the other attempts to understand poverty as a societal achievement, which can only be solved by changing the very foundations of society. Social workers are some of societies most valuable professionals, who, in concert with families, teachers, and the police can put children, and families, back on track before they reach an irreversible moment in which damage has been done which cannot be corrected. Children are valuable members of society, and it is the responsibility of all society to look after them: perhaps this is what Marx was implying when he talked of societal equality. Children deserve equality of opportunity, in terms of access to basic requirements, and, above these, to health care and education and information provision. Without these basic requirements, without basic care, children live in poverty. It is a travesty that in this day and age there are many children who live in poverty in the UK, but with the approach outlined here applied on a daily basis by social workers, it is hoped that poverty will soon be a thing of the past, at least in the UK. References Best, S. (2005) Understanding Social Divisions, London, Sage Cree, V. E. (2000) Sociology for Social Workers and Probation Officers, London, Routledge. Dominelli, L. (1997) Sociology for Social Work, London, MacMillan Glennerster, H. et al. (2004). One hundred years of poverty and policy. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Iceland, J. (2003). Poverty in America. A Handbook of the University of California Press. Jones, S. (2001) Criminology, Trowbridge, Cromwell Press Layder, D. (2005) Understanding Social Theory, London, Sage Muncie, J. (2004) Youth and Crime, 2nd edition, London, Sage, Ritzer, G. (2000) Sociological Theory, London, McGraw-Hill 1 Footnotes [1] A recent book by Glennerster et al. (2004) entitled One hundred years of poverty and policy, provides a review of the effects and ramifications of policy on poverty in the UK. [2] Although the nation that sees itself as ‘the most developed’ on Earth, the United States, offers none of these poverty-reducing schemes, and indeed, poverty in the United States is on the increase, and reaches disturbingly high levels. See Iceland (2003) for further details. [3] See the report Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK, 2006 by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. [4] Again, according to the report Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK, 2006 by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Class and Social structure :: essays research papers

This week in class we dealt with the subject of varying types of social structures. To start there are open and closed systems. An open systems allows for an individual to move up or down in society where as the closed system allows for no mobility. The only closed system I am familiar with is the caste system in India. In a closed social system you are born into your class and that is the same one you will grow up in. While discussing this subject it would be helpful to define class in the manner we did as a group: class, in this context, is unequal access to economic resources, power, and prestige. In contrast to a class system an egalitarian system has equal access to these aspects of living. A rank system only has unequal access to prestige and, as discussed in class, is seen in Pacific Islanders, and some Native Americans in the North and Southwest. Although the US social system is open we tend to stay in the same class. It is said that the head of the household dictates the cl ass. Many problems in this country circulate around the problem that there is very little mobility in class in the United States however, in Japan, Italy, and Germany there is even less mobility. At first one may feel it is less of a problem in the United States yet, I disagree. In the sense of social structure I do not think you can really compare two separate nations and draw conclusions about one based on the other because there are too many factors that make up a society. Social history, dispersion of race as well as religion, and the difference between the classes all need to be taken into great consideration. Even though I am not very familiar with the European social structure I do know that in America there is an enormous gap between upper, middle and lower classes. The top 1% of our economic bracket controls a little under 50% of the money in America. That fact is amazing to me and I found it in a document named â€Å"People like us: Social class in America† by, Paul Fussel. Another reason this inequality in America is such a big deal is because The United States of America is an institution based on ideals. A culmination of these ideals is commonly represented in the faà §ade of the American Dream: A person can determine his or her own destiny and with a little bit of know how and determination they can rise from rags to riches.

Progressive Historians :: American America History

Progressive Historians One must decide the meaning of "progressive historiography." It can mean either the history written by "progressive historians," or it can mean history written by historians of the Progressive era of American history and shortly after. The focus that was chosen for this paper is more in keeping with the latter interpretation, if for no other reason than it provides a useful compare-and-contrast "control" literature. The caveat is this: the focus of this report is on the predominant question of the historiographical period: was the war a revolution or a war for independence? One could choose many other questions to argue, questions that historians have for years disputed about the revolution, but there are a number of reasons why this report was chosen for this particular assignment; the two best follow. First, it is an old and time-honored question that professors and instructors have posed to their students for years; of pre-Civil War historiographical questions, it is perhaps second only in fashion during the last twenty to twenty-five years to the Jefferson-Hemmings paternity controversy. Second, the revolution-or-independence question is one of those which must be answered through interpretation. A case cannot be made that is so utterly conclusive as to exclude all others; it is that very fact that makes history at once so frustrating and so fascinating. What better way could there be to loo k at the writings of a specific school of historians? Therefore, in the pursuit of "personal truth," we must proceed... Perhaps the most famous of all progressive historians is Frederick Jackson Turner. His most famous argument is not devoted strictly to the American Revolution, but instead to the effects of the American frontier. In a sentence, his argument is that the frontier was the chief determinant in American history. This is not to say that Turner did not write about the war; he did, in his seminal work, "The Frontier in American History," there are discussions of the frontier's effect on the coming of the revolution. It is worth noting, before exploring Turner's arguments, that the frontier in this period was only about one hundred miles from the Atlantic coast. Of course, as the period under scrutiny approaches the war chronologically, the frontier moves away from the ocean. But it is important to remember that Turner defines the Jamestown of Captain John Smith in 1607 as the frontier in its initial stage.

Sex and Drugs Have Always Been in the Music Essays -- Exploratory Essa

It seems as if someone is always complaining about popular music on the market.   References to illegal drugs and sexual conduct are two of the most common complaints.   Adults claim that rock and roll stars are bad influences to children.   The lyrical content of songs and the examples set by musical idols are not suitable for minors.   Today's music, especially, tests the limits of good taste.   Objections to artists like Eminem, Lil' Kim, and Fred Durst are everyday occurrences, but what the judgmental public and media do not discuss is that these complaints are anything but new.   Songs by the Beatles, the Beach Boys, and the Doors have also been objects of this type of condemnation.   Even as far back as operas by Germany's Richard Wagner in the late 19th century, there exist examples of sexual behavior in music.   Perhaps these scornful antagonists should look into their own music collection before they burn their children's at the stake. The Beatles were English heartthrobs that took America by storm.   Songs like "I Wanna Hold Your Hand," and "When I Saw You," were teenage girls' anthems. The Beatles were the picture of a good role model.   Who would imagine that these clean-cut boys with harmonious voices would sing about drugs in some of their later work?   It is well known that after a while some of the band began to abuse illegal drugs.   "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds," which was so well known that archeologists were naming findings after it, was actually a tribute to LSD.   "Hey Jude," which was publicized as a song written by Paul McCartney to John Lennon's oldest son Julian at the time of his father's remarriage, was rumored to actually be about heroin.   "The minute you let it under your skin, the... ...rence. Indianapolis, Indiana, 03-24-95, Presentation. Chappell, Kevin. "Ebony." Vol. 162, Issue 3, p.60, 6c. 01-98. Eminem. Slim Shady lp.1999. Gates, David. Woodstock Testival, 1969. "Newsweek." Vol.124, Issue 6, p.38, 12c, 4bw. 08-08-94. Hall, Dana. "Billboard." Vol.112, Issue 33, p.69, 3/5p, 2bw. 08-12-00 Holland, Bill. "Billboard." Vol.111, Issue 19, p.73, 2/5p. Innaurato, Albert: Levine, Joshua. "Forbes." Vol. 162, Issue 12, p.400, 1/3p, 1c. 11-30-98. Krenske, Leigh; McKay, Jim. Gender Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography. Vol. 7, Issue 3, p.287, 18p. 09-00. Mandel, Charles. Alberta Report."Newsmagazine." Vol. 25, Issue 22, p.28, 1p, 1bw. 05-18-98. Wilson, Janelle. "ETC: A View of General Semantics."   Vol. 57, Issue 3, p.290, 14p. Fall 2000. Wilson Quarterly. Vol. 19, Issue 1, p.148, 2p. Winter 1995.

Personality Traits of a Real Writer Essay

All writers are creative types, with cluttered desks, and messy piles, right? To be a good writer, one lives on coffee and stale potato chips only coming up for air when the book’s done, right? Maybe. Or maybe we as writers have convinced ourselves that this is how a â€Å"real† writer acts. Writers spend so much time trying to determine when they will be a â€Å"real† writer. Just like the stereotype that all accountants wear green eyeshades, the stereotypes about writers persist whether they are accurate or not. Writing is generally considered a creative â€Å"right-brain† activity. However, you don’t have to turn off the left-half of your brain to be a writer. The best writers learn the secrets of when to use their right-brain and when to use their left-brain. The most successful writers realize that writing is a business, and just like any other business, a certain amount of organization and timeliness is required. The best writers can read their mood. On creative days, they crank out the pages to their novel. On left-brain days, they send out invoices, clean out their files, and clean off their desks. MESSY VS. ORGANIZED Certain personality types crave â€Å"messes. † The clutter makes them feel comfortable. But it also eats away at their writing time since they spend it searching through piles of papers and old half-eaten sandwiches. The secret for the messy writer is to confine the messes to a â€Å"messy zone. † The messy zone is limited to one shelf in an office or the basket next to a reading chair. The mess is still there for the comfort factor, but it doesn’t take over. PROCRASTINATOR The procrastinating writer writes the book but never sends the manuscript. Their brilliant ideas pile up, but they never send a query. There’s always a better time†¦later. Unfortunately, the procrastinator never feels the joy of success. The procrastinator needs rewards, and lots of them. By planning wonderful rewards for simple acts, the procrastinator realizes the best time to write isn’t later. It’s right now. PERFECTIONIST The perfectionist writes the book but never finishes it. They are constantly revising, editing and reworking. This time eater takes away the fun of writing. Since nothing is ever good enough, what’s the point of writing anything? The perfectionist needs positive feedback and reinforcement. When they hear others say, â€Å"This is really good. You should submit it,† they can silence the inner critic that says, â€Å"You could make it sound better. † What is a real writer? It’s actually anyone who puts words to paper and sends them out into the world. And while anyone can sit down with a word processor, only real writers overcome the personality traits that could sidetrack them. Want to learn more? Visit http://www. organizedwriter. com? src=a103. Julie Hood is the author of â€Å"The Organized Writer: 30 Days to More Time, More Money and Less Frustration,† a new ebook with a roadmap for combining a writing career with the rest of your life. She manages the OrganizedWriter. com web site and writes Writer-Reminders, a weekly newsletter for writers. Newsletter subscribers receive a free ebook, The Sidetracked Writer’s Planner. When she isn’t writing, she sneaks in cleaning house around a busy household with two children, her husband, and two avid golfers. Copyright 2002 (c) Julie Hood, Finally Organized LLC. All Rights Reserved. Reprinted with permission.

Christian conceptions Essay

Baldassare Castigliones work The Courtier has similar conceptions of grace and complete when compared to with Christian conceptions. Baldassare Castiliogne characterizes the courtiers of Urbino as omini per virtu singulari (IV, 2, 446 custody singular in charge286), accentuation their grace and righteousness they were able to display throughout the entire passage. This alike reflects the slipway they were able to entice the imagination of the readers and withdraw their (readers) minds more creative. Castiglione writes about the Urbino court and its inhabitants as a kind of ideal focalize where grace and virtue was heavily practiced.most of the courtiers and ladies in the court possess only if minor character flaws and petty foibles. In his writing, he idealizes them as civilized and absolutely restrained individuals who are devoid of expert personalisedized vices and defects. In a sense, Castiglione wants to puzzle them as ideal types, as the onorati esempi di virtu (IV, 2, 448 honored positions of worthiness287) as discount be read from his prologues where deterrent example fortitude, cognizance and genuine make love should emulate and be exuded by the readers even after variation the entire piece.The following excerpt from The Courtier shows that passkey Guidobaldo has weatherd an exemplary life worth of emulation by the former(a) inhabitants. When lord Guidobaldo di Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, passed from this life, I together with several early(a) knights who had served him remained in the service of duke Francesco Maria della Rovere, heir and substitute to Guidobaldos state and as in my mind thither remained fresh the tone of duke Guidos virtues and the satisfaction which I in those years had felt from the loving social club of such excellent persons, as thence frequented the court of Urbino.(Letter, 1, 67-8) Castigliones goal in his work was to set his state workforcets of praise for Urbino and its inhabitants in general a nd conventional terms. He did not cite the military exploits or civic triumphs of a character he praises, instead, he celebrates all of them for their virtu, (virtue) their ingegno, (ingenuity) their ot cartridge holder qualit (high dignity). Instead, Castiliogne characterizes these exploits as a corporate victory for the person he is big life to. This also gives life to the ablaze sceneries and animations to the story as this draws the attention of the readers.Castiliogne pursues the blossom of Urbinos human body to an exemplary lesson excellence and its value for posterity. In his send-off two prologues, Castiglione highlights the superiority of Urbinos inhabitants. In the prologue to Book III, Castiglione states that if Urbinos then(prenominal)imes convince him of its excellence, he should be able to imagine slow how much greater the courtiers virtuous actions were (III, 1, 336). In the last prologue, Castiglione praises the courtiers directly as omini per virtu singula ri (IV, 2, 446 workforce singular in worth286).He viewed the court as a paragon of clean-living exempla (IV, 2, 448 qiari ed onorati esempi di virtu). The court is saveed as an ethical model not only to other active courts at that time but also to the succeeding generations to come. Moreover, Castiglione confesses in the third prologue that he wrote his text carefully to faria vivere negli animi dei posteri (III, 1, 336 make it live in the mind of posterity202). Finally, as his culture uph grizzlys stainless antiquity, he projects that the schoolgirlish and upcoming generation will admire his time because of the exemplary Urbino court.(III, 1, 336 forse per lavvenire non manchera chi per questo ancor porti invidia al secol nostro). Similarly, the virtues of grace and love which are present in Castiliognes work are also present in Christian morals and manners. Christian morals are a be given of moral discernment and moral reasoning. For instance, pile Gustafson stated that m oral discernment link up to basic dispositions that are shaped in part by the trust and organized religion Christians begin as they offer themselves up to God.Moreover, James Gustafson stated that the concept of moral discernment was meetd to moral reasoning. Gustafson explained that moral reasoning pertains to a character, or personal moral ability, which covers dispositions, traits, and actions of the moral agent. (Selnick, 1992). Castiliogne stated that the courtier is evaluate to serve and increase in favour with her Lady. He should instruct her in virtue and refrain from vice and dishonesty. He should give tongue to truth all the time. This concern is sheer in Christian morals and manners. agree to Harring, the moral and religious value of our acts attains the cover level only when the fundamental natural selection results in the conquest ones energies and vision such that ones motives and decisions come from the depth in which the temperament moulds and guides. (Ha rring, 1978). Castiliogne exhorts the courtiers to be kind to their subordinates, to avoid flattery, to be wise in the dealing with other states and to have beneficial manners in speech and language. Moreover, the courtier must have good utterance and concoction language to the other personalities in the court and avoid pique other people.This exhortation finds a fast(a) support in Christianitys theological and ethical attention which has shifted away from the relations with the divine towards gay relations to social human relations. (Post, 1990). This shift resulted in the nippy distinction between public occupation and private relations. First, it highlighted the fact that the selfs relation with God does not of necessity impact on ones neighbor. Second, it states that the divine intentions may not relate directly to an individuals human flourishing.This re-evaluation of ones faith highlights the moral dimensions of Christianity and renders faith as an essential and pola r aspect of living well. (Weaver, 2002) The old men then attack the change in customs in Urbino court which they distinguish as reflective of moral decay. In response to this, Castiliogne countered that he is a forecast who can state that in that respect is no age, past or present that is either in all good or totally evil. Then in this excerpt, Castiliogne argued that it is the old men who have changed their behavior and not the courts.These old men lament their loss of youth, power, and vitality. This stead leads to nostalgia which distorts the truth about both past and present. This excerpt is as follows ne dei passati piaceri riserva (lanimo) altro che una tenace memoria e la imagine di quel caro tempo della tenera eta, nella quale quando ci ritrovamo, ci pare che sempre il cielo e la terra ed ogni cosa faccia festa e rida intorno agli occhi nostri, e nel pensiero come in un delizioso e vago giardino fiorisca la dolce primavera dallegrezza.(The Courtier II, 1, 188) . . . and the mind retains of past pleasures yet a lingering memory and the image of that precious time of tender youth in which (while we are enjoying it), wherever we look, nirvana and earth and everything appear merry and smiling, and the sweet springtime of happiness seems to flower in our thoughts as in a fine and lovely garden. (The Courtier II, 1, 188) Similarly, Christian morality has shown take in ones personal ethical development.The flourishing of the self encompassing virtue ethics and spirituality reveals a post modern reassessment of the classical concepts and tools for reflecting on the selfs good. (Naussbam, 1994). Baldassare Castiliogne characterizes the courtiers of Urbino as omini per virtu singulari (IV, 2, 446 men singular in worth286), emphasizing their grace and virtue. Similarly, Christian morals and manners show the richness of all the human virtues required of the courtiers during the time of the Urbino court.The courtiers excellent speech, manners and depo rtment to their equals and subordinates indicate a vivid example of their faith and their excellent human manners. Alongside the traditions and practices that the courtiers have shown, the author have clearly emphasised on the human manners that there should be equality among all others and in order to achieve a particular and unified goal, there should be command so that in the long run, there will be authority to be followed and rules are set on such manners. Works Cited Castiglione, Baldassare.The Book of the Courtier. New york Scribners Son, 1901. 7-439. James M. Gustafson, Moral Discernment in the Christian Life, in ingredient H. Outka and Paul Ramsey, Norm and Context in Christian Ethics. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1968, p. 31. Haring, Bernard. surrender and Faithful in Christ. New York Seabury pressure level A Crossroads Book, 1978, p. 85. Kolsky, Stephen D. Old work force in a New realness Morello da Ortona in the Cortegiano. Italica 75 (1998) 336-448. Long, E dward Leroy. A Survey of Recent Christian Ethics. New York Oxford University Press, 1982. Martha Nussbaum.The Therapy of Desire Theory and entrust in Hellenistic Ethics. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press, 1994. Post, Stephen. A Theory of Agape On the consequence of Christian Love. Lewisburg, PA Bucknell University Press, 1990. Selnick, Philip. The Moral area Social Theory and the Promise of Community. Berkeley University of calcium Press, 1992, p. 361. Weaver, Darlene. Self Love and Christian Ethics. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2002. Webhorn, Wayne. civil Performances Masking and Festivity in Castigliones Book in the Courtier. University of Texas at Austin, 1978.

Do Video Game Kill

Do Video Games carry off? Since the released of a tv recording game called Doom in 1993, certainly one of the most popular first-games shooters games. It is standardized a double-edged sword, beca utilize it does not help image gaming grow into a multibillion dollar industry, moreover is would get a line kids how to kill. In Do Video Games push down? sociology professor Karen Sternheimer talked about(predicate) that the motion-picture show game story for kids violence has become more pervasive. In this article, the reason talked about politicians and 199 newspaper articles speak out that the video games indoctrinate young people how to kill and are the culprit.They file video games. However, the author dose not think the video games are negative products. Because she thinks that guns, poverty, families, and the organization of schools may also influence youth violence. When we want to earn why young people, particular in middle-class or otherwise stable environme nts, become homicidal, we sine qua non to look at what the games they frolic. While all forms of media sexual honourableity critical analysis, so do the supposedly nifty neighborhoods and families that occasionally produce young killers(244).Politicians and other moral crusaders created a name for video game, called contemporary kinsperson devils, because they seem to pose a threat to children. theme articles proposed that the video games are constructing culpability, and they are the culprit. But in authors mind, she does not think the video games are not only way to teach young children how to kill. This is the biggest problem with media-effects query that Poverty, neighborhood instability, unemployment, and nonetheless family violence fall by the slipwayide in most of these studies.Ironically, even mental illness tends to be overlooked in this psychologically oriented research (16). For instance, African-American young people are tangled more than twice as often as wh ite in the juvenile justice system. So the author thinks poor males of color be killers easier than others. For example, numerous people now can not get down job, so they just feel sad and incapacitated their mind. They think it is unfair, so decided to kill others. So the video games are not only ways to teach killed. On the other hand, the author thinks compete video games can emends spatial skills and reaction time.When we play the video game, we need to improve our attention, and to decided nearwhat decision immediately, so playing the video games genuinely can improve our intelligence. She found evidence about the video games do not increase aggression. She uses some reports quotation to contract and then points out video games does not increase aggression. For example, The Boston Herald quoted a clinical psychologist who said, Studies give way already shown that watching television system shows with aggressive or violent content makes children more aggressive(15). So the media effects are clear, tenacious and conclusive.But the author thinks that news reports do not use academic sources to do the media effects research. In conclusion, the video games are not only ways to teach youth how to kill. They killed maybe because of poverty or families, because of unemployment or neighborhood. There are many other facilities to fleet youth people kill. And the video games also have some positive sides, analogous it can improve the spatial skills. So it is not just like politicians and news articles thinking, the video games are not household devils and are not culprit. 1

“Obasan” by Joy Kogawa Essay

The subject of racial impinge has ca dropd broad statement for numerous centuries. battle which is incited by racialism is frequently appre chicksion to be the whip of each(prenominal) conflicts beca exercise it is fantastic and establish on absolutely absurd beliefs. In parliamentary law today, on that point atomic number 18 numerous racial battalion who confide depleteward and nigh discharge the bulk of an opposite(a)(prenominal) connection. In triumph Kogawas fable, Obasan, the air of racial discrimination is discussed with and through and through the heterogeneous earn kept by Obasan which in numeral provides a first-hand cypher at was through to Naomis family. In Obasan, in that respect be numerous instances where the contentment Kogawa uses images of zoologys, such(prenominal) as insects, pussys and oddly bellyachers to subscribe to a universal understructure of de mentalization. excessively these faunas al counselings calculate to tick to military personnel worlds, whether they argon generalised groups or single(a) characters. In early(a) words, it is genuinely plain to grab the point of the fable and as well as the impede conjunctive in the midst of the animals in the level and the homo check over of the story, through the use of these acute images of the animals.At the rattling deducting of the brisk, wbiddy Obasan and Naomi berummaging through the bandaging stadium and acquiring reminded s give the bouncetily nearly whole of the memories, they diminish across a family of spiders. These spiders atomic number 18 describe as organism bicycle sour blots, medium- astronomical as a roves centre of attention (24) and in a sense, distasteful fair to middling to vent shivers take inwards whatal appearances persons spine. This commentary of the lightlessness and creepy-crawly spiders is a bespeak of either of the memories that Obasan and Naomi pretend, as the memories and the biz itself is so angiotensin-converting enzymer isolated and horrific. at that place argon numerous large and mordant memories that Naomi has such as the wipeout of her vex and the contingency in middle-aged humankind Gowers bathroom.However, it is realizable to aim that the blackest memories ar the champions that repugn with the racial discrimination towards the Nippvirtuosose companionship. For model, it seems that e truly wiz who has ever had an issuance on Naomi, fullness or bad, has derelict her with time. Also, on the commission to nurture, Naomi and Stepbiddy atomic number 18 taunted and bug by the former(a) educate kids. approximately importantly, the real track that the Canadian authorities mal cut acrossed the Nipp iodinse altogetheriance, move them to niggardness camps, put them on trains and forcing them to personify in mid set going huts, is a uncouth retrospection. This memory a lead credibly stick mor e or less with Naomi for the anticipate of her livelihood practic wholey homogeneous the quaint spiders in the attic.The commence of the raw with the kitty- guy detain underneath the privy in a nonher, kind of marked-up compute at the national of racial discrimination. The social occasion that is so frightful virtu every last(predicate)y this use is that the hoary missy blames Naomi for something that Naomi obviously did non do, throwing a pool mass in the outhouse. What is level much b all in all over is that the girl, the possessor of the birth does non go atomic pile and get her pool, tho or else leaves the puss on that point to in timetually die. The girl privy defend the clean- financial verify Canadian and the kitten toilette be seen as a Nipp wizse Canadian brio in that fellowship.The kitten is stuck in the outhouse, which rump personify Canada. duration it is vote outward there, no sensation is closeno one comes to back up (172) unconstipated though the cat shamblings a pop off unassailable mewing (172). Since there is no one around the kitten bequeath sluicetually be bury about. In former(a) words, the Canadian presidential term tries to get dislodge of the Nipponese confederacy by direct them to assiduity camps where, condescension all of the arguments and letter move by aunt Emily to be hear (the mewing), the Nipponese lodge of interests entrust be deal be disregarded about as there is no one around. some other example of this animal imagination is w chick Naomi is stand merely in the back super C succeeding(a) to the snivellerhearted coop of the dust coat hen, she places one by one minute discolourness chicks in the hencoop with the hen. suddenly and without ensample, the hen jabs down on the chicks (62) consistently. through the use of this animal tomography, the bargon of racism is clear app arent. For example, the hen depute word be seen as the snow y good tidy sum quick in the confine or Canada. Slowly, the Nipponese batch, in this upshot the lily-livered chicks, immigrate into the cage. Without doing anything malign or anything that would provoke the hen, or face cloth pot, the hen comes down and starts pecking at the chicks.In this embark on, it is executable to dare that the restore antecedent that the hen comes down on the chicks is that the yellow chicks look at appearances divers(prenominal) than the unobjectionablen hen. Also, there is a heavy(p) deal of prefigure in this dinky part of the novel as the Canadian mess leave behind in short start ostracising the Nipponese Canadian conjunction with no warning at all. non solely exit they banish the community, the Canadians, although they do not pop up the Nipponese desire the hen did to the chicks, still the racism is so whole that they forget send the Nipponese on denseness camps past from all urban areas and even treatthem like anim als forcing them into brusk pricking exuviate houses covered with affright muck up for a roof. other example of the yellowish vision is in the school yard where a wad of Japanese schoolboys are violent death a washcloth chicken. This imagery of the chicken scathe is one of the improve examples of racism in the novel. This cleanup spot of the chicken advise signify the displeasure that the Japanese community guide against the exsanguine Canadians after the way that they have been treated. This abomination and choler is in concomitant so punishing that it is not good profuse to just shoot down the chicken, precisely they got to guard it give birth (169). This is kind of ironic as well, because the chicken idler be seen as the Japanese community and the schoolboys can be seen as the white Canadians. The Canadians in the novel continuously make the Japanese pile pain quite of cleanup position them at present as cleanup position them or deporting them wo uld take up the Canadian image. It is for this yard that the Canadians take root to chew out the Japanese and travail to cover everything up.In conclusion, Obasan, by experience Kogawa deals with the write of racism in a very effective way by development droll images of animals to not whole correct human universes in society, alone withal to garter support the topic of this dehumanization. racial discrimination in society is extremely rattling(a) as it is base on perfectly glowering beliefs. In the novel, for example, all Japanese were claimed to be unworthy people even though the Japanese living in Canada did only anything to the Canadians. Individuals of a definite community are being ostracized by other people for being of a authoritative race. Obasan, teaches us that we should not consider a real community to be evil, unless wed the differences in society. In other words, Hitler was a overzealous German, provided not all Germans are fanatical.